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Tak & Jang (2003) studied effects of transformation/transactional leadership using a sample of soldiers in the army, and found that charisma, one of the factors of transformational leadership, and management by exception, one of the factors of transactional leadership, were significantly related with criteria. Since their study had no considerations of the levels issues regarding theory and analysis associated with the examined variables, the incomplete conclusions had room for reanalysis. This study revisited Tak and Jang's research using a series of multilevel analyses such as multilevel agreement, WABA, HLM, to find out which level (i.e., platoon or individual level) is appropriate to discuss the leadership effects in the original research. Results indicated that though individual level effects were similar to the original study, more level-specific phenomena were found from the original research. Based on these findings, implications that overcome misspecification errors were discussed.
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