바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

An Examination of the Effectiveness of Immediateand Delayed Feedback on the Sitting Posturein VDT Working Environment

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relative effectiveness of immediate and delayed feedback on unsafe sitting behaviors that may cause VDT syndromes. Participants were four white color workers (2 males and 2 females) who spend most of their working time on interacting with computers. Chairs were developed particularly for the present study such that they could detect participants' unsafe sitting postures using sensors and provide feedback on the computer monitors. Under the delayed feedback condition, the feedback was provided after each 6 hour session was completed. Under the immediate feedback condition, on the contrary, small “pop-up” windows appeared on the computer monitor whenever participants engaged in unsafe postures more than 14 seconds. Multiple baseline across participants were adopted. After baseline phase, the delayed feedback condition was first introduced and then the immediate feedback condition was added for the next phase for two participants. For the remaining two participants, the delayed plus immediate feedback was first introduced after baseline and then the immediate feedback was withdrawn for the next phase. The results indicated that feedback, regardless of the type, considerably increased safe sitting behaviors. More importantly, the immediate feedback was more effective than was the delayed feedback in increasing safe sitting behaviors.

keywords
VDT syndrome, Musculoskeletal Disorders(MSDs), safety behavior, immediate feedback, daily feedback, multiple baseline design, VDT증후군, 근골격계질환, 안전행동, 즉각적 피드백, 일일 피드백, 다기저선 설계, VDT syndrome, Musculoskeletal Disorders(MSDs), safety behavior, immediate feedback, daily feedback, multiple baseline design

Reference

1.

권영국, 이성렬, 민재형(1993). VDT작업대 설계의 인간공학적 연구. 한국경영과학회 학술대회논문집, 581-591.

2.

노동부(2004). 2004년 산업재해 현황분석.

3.

노동부(2004). 영상표시단말기(VDT)취급근로자 작업관리지침 고시 제2004-50호 2004년 11월 01일 개정

4.

오세진(1997). 효율적 산업안전관리를 위한 행동주의적 연구에 대한 개관. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 10, 1-20.

5.

정민근, 최경임, 송영웅, 임종호, 이명수, 이인석(2005). VDT 작업자의 작업자세 및 신체부위별 근골격계 불편도 분석. 대한인간공학회 학술대회 논문집, 109-113.

6.

Alavosius, M. P., & Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (1986). The effects of performance feedback on the safety of client lifting and transfer. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 19, 261-267.

7.

Alavosius, M. P., & Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (1990). Acquisition and maintenance of health-care routines as a function of feedback density. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23, 151-162.

8.

Alvero, A.M., & Austin, J. (2004). The effects of conducting behavioral observations on the behavior of the observer. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 37(4), 457-468.

9.

Austin, J., Kessler, M. L., Riccobono, J. E., & Bailey, J. S. (1996). Using feedback and reinforcement to improve the performance and safety of a roofing crew. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 16(2), 49-75.

10.

Babski-Reeves, K., Stanfield, J., & Hughes, L. (2005). Assessment of video display workstation set up on risk factors associated with the development of low back and neck discomfort. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 35, 593-604.

11.

Baker, N. A., & Redfern, M. S. (2005). Developing an observational instrument to evaluate personal computer keyboarding style. Applied Ergonomics, 36, 345-354.

12.

Balcazar, F. E., Hopkins, B. L., & Suarez, Y. (1985-86). A critical, objective review of performance feedback. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 7(3/4), 65-89.

13.

Blair, S. J., & Bear-Lehman, J. (1987). Editorial comment: Prevention of upper extremity occupational disorders. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 12, 821-825.

14.

Bossen, D. (2006). A smarter way to sit. Occupational Health & Safety, 75(4), 104-108.

15.

Bucklin, B. R., McGee, H. M., & Dickinson, A. M. (2002). The effects of monetary incentives with and without feedback. Manuscript submitted for publication.

16.

CDT News (2000). Workplace solutions for repetitive stress injuries. CTD News website. Abailable: http://www.ctdnews.com.

17.

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.

18.

Cooper, M. D., Phillips, R. A., Sutherland, V. J., & Makin, P. J. (1994). Reducing accidents using goal setting and feedback: A field study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67, 219-240.

19.

Daniels, A. C., & Daniels, J. E. (2004). Performance Management: Changing Behavior That Drives Organizational Effectiveness(4th Ed, pp.171). Performance Management Publications, A division of Aubrey Daniels International, Inc.

20.

Dowell, W. R., Yuan, F., & Green, B. H. (2001). Office seating behaviors An investigation of posture, task, and job type. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 45th Annual Meeting, 1245-1248.

21.

Duncan, P. K., & Bruwelheide, L. R. (1985-86). Feedback: Use and possible behavioral functions. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 7(3/4), 91-113.

22.

Fairbank, J. A., & Prue, D. M. (1982). Developing performance feedback systems. In L. W. Frederiksen(Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior management. 281-299.

23.

Fellner, D. J., & Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (1984). Increasing industrial safety practices and conditions through posted feedback. Journal of Safety Research, 15, 7-21.

24.

Fitch, H. G., Hermann, J., & Hopkins, B. L. (1976). Safe and unsafe behavior and its modification. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 18, 618-622.

25.

Fox, D. K., Hopkins, B. L., & Anger, W. K. (1987). The long-term effects of a token economy on safety performance in open-pit mining. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20, 215-224.

26.

Geller, E. S. (1990, August-December). Managing safety. Industrial Safety and Hygiene news, 24.

27.

Grindle, A. C., Dickinson, A. M., & Boettcher, W. (2000). Behavioral safety research in manufacturing settings: A review of the literature. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 20(1), 29-68.

28.

Haynes, R. S., Pine, R. C., & Fitch, H. G. (1982). Reducing accident rates with organizational behavior modification. Academy of Management Journal, 25, 407-416.

29.

Herrnstein, R. J., Loewenstein, G. F., Prelec, D., & Vaughan, W., Jr. (1993). Utility maximization and melioration: internalities in individual choice. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 6, 149-185.

30.

Hettinger, T., (1985). Statistics on disease in the federal republic of Germany with particular reference to diseases on the skeletal system. Ergonomics 28(1), 17-20.

31.

James, C. P., Harburn, K. L., & Kramer, J. F. (1997). Cumulative trauma disorders in the upper extremities: reliability of the postural and repetitive risk-factors index. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 78, 860-866.

32.

Karan, B. S., & Kopelman, R. E. (1986). The effects of objective feedback on vehicular and industrial accidents: A field experiment using outcome feedback. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 8, 45-56.

33.

Komaki, J. L., Barwick, K.D., & Scott, L. R. (1978). A Behavioral approach to occupational safety: Pinpointing and reinforcing safe performance in a food manufacturing plant. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 434-445.

34.

Komaki, J. L., Heinzmann, A. T., & Lawson, L. (1980). Effect of training and feedback: Component analysis of a behavioral safety program. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 261-270.

35.

Kroemer, K. H. E. (1989). Cumulative trauma disorders: Their recognition and ergonomics measures to avoid them. Applied Ergonomics, 20(4), 274-280.

36.

Liao, M. H., & Drury, C. G. (2000). Posture, discomfort and performance in a VDT task. Ergonomics, 43(3), 345-359.

37.

Ludwig, T. D., & Geller, E. S. (1997). Assigned versus participative goal setting and response generalization: Managing injury control among professional pizza deliverers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 253-261.

38.

Lueder, R. (1996). A Proposed RULA for computer users. Proceedings of the Ergonomics Summer Workshop. UC Berkeley Center for Occupational & Environmental Health Continuing Education Program, San Francisco, CA, pp.1-11.

39.

McAtamney, L., & Corlett, E. N. (1993). RULA: a survey method for investigation of work-related upper limb disorders. Applied Ergonomics, 24, 91-99.

40.

McCann, K., & Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (1996). Cumulative trauma disorders: Behavioral injury prevention at work. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 32, 277-291.

41.

Moore, J. S., & Grag, A. (1995). The strain index: a proposed method to analyze jobs for risk of distal upper extremity disorders. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 56, 443-458.

42.

Myers, J. L., & Well, A. D. (2003). Research design and statistical analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

43.

National Safety Council [NSC] (2001). Injury facts, 2001 edition. Itasca, IL: Author.

44.

New York Committee for Occupational Safety and Health [NYCOSH] (2000). Repetitive strain injuries(RSIs). NYCOSH website. Available: http://www.nycosh.org/rsi.html.

45.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA] (1999a). OSHA website. Available: http://www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/ergonomics /ergofactnew.html.

46.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA] (1999b). Preventing work-related musculoskeletal disorders. OSHA website. Available: http://www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/ ergofactnew.html.

47.

Pascarelli, E. F., & Kella, J. J. (1993). Soft-tissue injuries related to use of the computer keyboard. J. Occup. Med., 35, 522-532.

48.

Prue, D. M., & Fairback, J. A. (1981). Performance feedback in Organizational Behavior Management: A review. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 3(1), 1-16.

49.

Reber, R. A., Wallin, J. A., & Chhokar, J. S. (1990). Improving safety performance with goal setting and feedback. Human Performance, 3, 51-61.

50.

Rhoton, W. W. (1980). A procedure to improve compliance with coal mine safety regulations. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 2, 243-249.

51.

Sasson, J. R., & Austin, J. (2005). The effects of training, feedback, and participant involvement in behavioral safety observations on office ergonomic behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 24(4), 1-30.

52.

Skinner, B. F. (1958). Teaching Machines. Science, 128(3330), 967-977.

53.

Smith, J. J., Anger, W. K., & Uslan, S. S. (1978). Behavioral modification applied to occupational safety. Journal of Safety Research, 10, 41-45.

54.

Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (1978). Behavioral ecology and accident prevention. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 2, 11-44.

55.

Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (1982). Behavioral approaches to occupational health and safety. In L. W. Frederikson(Ed.), Handbook of Organizational Behavior Management(pp.505-538). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

56.

Sulzer-Azaroff, B., & Austin, J. (2000). Behavior- based safety and injury reduction: A survey of the evidence. Professional Safety, 45(7), 19-24.

57.

Sulzer-Azaroff, B., & deSantamaria, C. (1980). Industrial safety hazard reduction through performance feedback. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 287-295.

58.

Sulzer-Azaroff, B., Loafman, B., Merante, R. J., & Hlavacek, A. C. (1990). Improving occupational safety in a large industrial plant: A systematic replication. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 11, 99-120.

59.

Takahashi, K., Sasaki, H., Saito, T., Hosokawa, T., Kurasaki, M., & Saito. K. (2001). Combined effects of working environmental conditions in VDT work. Ergonomics, 44(5), 562-570.

60.

United States Department of Labor [USDOL] (1998). OSHA press release: Statement by Secretary of Labor Alexis M. Herman. Department of Labor website. Available: http://www2.dol.gov/dol/opa/public/media/press/osha/ osha/osh98408.htm.

61.

Zohar, D., Cohen, A., & Azar, N. (1980). Promoting increased use of ear protectors in noise through information feedback. Human Factors, 22, 69-79.

logo