바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

Space and Environment

  • P-ISSN1225-6706
  • E-ISSN2733-4295
  • KCI

Singapore’s Creative City Policy Revisited

Space and Environment / Space and Environment, (P)1225-6706; (E)2733-4295
2012, v.22 no.2, pp.5-37


Abstract

This study critically examines the Singapore’s creative city policy. In this article, we argue that the shift towards the creative economy in Singapore resulted from the Singapore state’s intentional policy, and the creative city policy is a sort of a new economic growth policy for stabilizing the new economy. This study analyzes the historical, economic, cultural, and social context in which the creative city policy was created and implemented and evaluates the pros and cons of the policy. The creative city policy contributed to the successful re-industrialization from manufacturing sectors to service sectors, but has faced severe criticism such as the instrumental use of culture for economic growth, the window dressing policy (the prioritization of hardware over software),and the neglect of social costs resulted from the creative city policy. This research is based on a case study focusing on the archives, site visits, and in-dept interviews.

keywords
창조도시, 창조도시정책, 정책평가, 싱가포르 사례연구, creative city, policy evaluation, creative city policy, Singapore

Reference

1.

김동완. 2008. 「규모의 지리 측면에서 바라본 창조적 계급과 도시 창조성: 도시 창조성의 재구성과 도시 정책적 시사점」. ≪공간과 사회≫, 29호, 148~175.

2.

양승윤·권율·김성건·유인성·장영철. 2004. 싱가포르 . 한국외국어대학교출판부.

3.

한상진. 2008. 「사회적 경제 모델에 의거한 창조 도시 담론의 비판적 검토-Florida,사사끼, 랜드리의 논의를 중심으로」. ≪환경사회학연구 ECO≫, 12호, 185~206.

4.

Chang, T. C. 2000. “Renaissance Revisited: Singapore as a ‘Global City for the Arts’.”International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(4), 818~831.

5.

Channelnewsasia. 2010. Singapore Economy Grew 14.7% in 2010. 31 Dec 2010. last accessed on 21 Jan 2011. (http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1102052/1/.html)

6.

Clark, T. N. 2004. “The City as an Entertainment Machine.” Journal of Cultural Economics,29(2), 152~155.

7.

Coy, P. 2000. The Creative Economy. Businessweek Online: August 28.

8.

Creative Industries Working Group (CIWG). 2002. Creative Industries Development Strategy: Propelling Singapore’s Creative Economy. Singapore: Ministry of Trade and Industry.

9.

DesignSingapore Council. 2009. Dsg-Ⅱ: Strategic Blueprint of the DesignSingapore Initiative 2009~2015, Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts.

10.

Dicken, P. and C. Kirkpatrick. 1991. “Services-led Development in ASEAN: Transnational Regional Headquarters in Singapore.” The Pacific Review, 4(2), 174~184.

11.

Economic Development Board (EDB). 1991. Report on the Census of Manufacturing Activities. Singapore: EDB.

12.

Florida, R. 2003. “Cities and the Creative Class.” City and community, 2, 3~19.

13.

Florida, R. 2005a. Cities and the Creative Class. New York: Routledge.

14.

Florida, R. 2005b. The Flight of the Creative Class. New York: Harper Business.

15.

Gibson, C. and N. Klocker. 2005. “The ‘Cultural Turn’ in australian Regional Economic Development Discourse: Neoliberalising Creativity?” Geographical Research, 43(1), 93 ~102.

16.

Glaeser, E. L. 2005. “Urban Colossus: Why is New York America’s Largest City?” Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review, 11(2), 7~24.

17.

Ho, K. C. 2004. “Service Industries and Occupational Change: Implications for Identity, Citizenship, and Politics.” in Daniels, P. W., Ho, K. C., and Hutton, T. A. (eds.), Service industries and Asia-Pacific cities: New Development Trajectories. London: Routledge.

18.

Howkins, J. 2001. The Creative Economy: How People Make Money from Ideas. London: Penguin Press.

19.

Kong, L. 2009. “Making Sustainable Creative/Cultural Space in Shanghai and Singapore.” Geographical Review, 99(1), 1~22.

20.

Kwok, K. and K. Low. 2002. “Cultural Policy and the City-State: Singapore and the New Asian Renaissance.” in D. Crane, N. Kawashima and K. Kawasaki(eds.). Global Culture: Media, Arts, Policy & Globalization. New York: Routledge.

21.

Landry, C. 2000. The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators. London: Comedia.

22.

Lee, T. 2004. “Creative Shifts and Directions: Cultural Policy in Singapore.” International Journal of Cultural Policy, 10(3), 281~299.

23.

Leo, P. and T. Lee. 2004. “The ‘New’ Singapore: Mediating Culture and Creativity.” Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, 18(2), 205~218.

24.

Malanga, S. 2004. “The Curse of the Creative Class.” City Journal, Winter, 36~45.

25.

Markusen, A. 2006. “Urban Development and the Politics of a Creative Class: Evidence from a Study of Artist.” Environment and Planning A, 38(10), 1921~1940.

26.

Markusen, A., G. Wassall, D. DeNatale, and R. Cohen. 2008. “Defining the Creative Economy: Industry and Occupational Approaches.” Economic Development Quarterly, 22(1), 24~45.

27.

Media Development Authority (MDA). 2009. Singapore Media Fusion Plan, 04 May 2009.

28.

Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts (MICA). 2008. Renaissance City Plan Ⅲ, Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts.

29.

Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts (MICA). 2011. Homepage http:/ /www.worldlingo.com/ma/ enwiki/ en/Ministry_of_Information,_Communications_and_the_Arts (last accessed March 2011).

30.

National Arts Council (NAC). 2008. Renaissance City Plan Ⅲ: Arts Development Plan. Singapore: National Arts Council.

31.

National Heritage Board (NHB). 2008. Renaissance City Plan Ⅲ: Heritage Development Plan. Singapore: National Heritage Board.

32.

Peck, J. 2005. “Struggling with the Creative Class.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29, 740~770.

33.

Peck, J. 2006. “Liberating the City: Between New York and New Orleans.” Urban Geography, 27(8), 681~713.

34.

Rantisi, N. M., and D. Leslie. 2006. “Placing the creative economy: Scale, politics, and the material.” Environment and Planning A, 38, 1789~1797.

35.

Remaking Singapore Committee (RSC). 2003. The Report of the Remaking Singapore Committee: Changing Mindsets, Deepening Relationships. Singapore: Remaking Singapore Committee.

36.

Sawicki, D. 2003. “Review of The Rise of the Creative Class: and How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life by Richard Florida.” Journal of the American Planning Association, 69(1), 90~92.

37.

Scott, A. 2006. “Creative Cities: Conceptual Issues and Policy Questions.” Journal of Urban Affairs, 28(1), 1~17.

38.

Singapore Department of Statistics. 2011. Time Series on GDP at 2005 Market Prices and Real Economic Growth. (http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/economy/hist/gdp1.html)(last accessed on March 10 2011.)

39.

Throsby, D. 2001. Economics and Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

40.

Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA). 1991. Living the Next Lap: Towards a Tropical City of Excellence. Singapore: Urban Redevelopment Authority.

41.

Yeoh, B. S. A. and T. C. Chang. 2001. “Globalising Singapore: Debating Transnational Flows in the City.” Urban Studies, 38(7), 1025~1044.

42.

Yeung, H. W-C., J. Poon. and M. Perry. 2001. “Towards a Regional Strategy: The Role of Regional Headquarters of Foreign Firms in Singapore.” Urban Studies, 38(1), 157 ~183.

43.

Yin, R. K. 1994. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. second edition. Applied Social Research Methods Series vol.5: Sage.

44.

Yusuf, S. and K. Nabeshima. 2005. “Creative Industries in East Asia.” Cities, 22(4), 109~ 122.

Space and Environment