Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-067X
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Vol.36 No.2
Abstract
Recently, there has been an increased interest in the way that testosterone influences behavioral approach or avoidance. This is probably because testosterone is believed to be the neurophysiological mechanisms of addiction associated with motivational imbalance and interindividual variation in other risky behaviors. Thus, this study reviewed recent literature regarding ways that testosterone affects approach or avoidance in terms of behavior and neurophysiology and discussed the implications of their findings. With regard to behavior, testosterone increases approach tendency and decreases avoidance tendency by regulating emotional responses to social threat stimuli. In terms of neurophysiology, testosterone increases behavioral approach and decreases avoidance tendency by mediating reward system or regulating motivational system and physiological response to threat stimuli. Furthermore, the findings of exogenous testosterone treatment provide insight that emotional function and behavioral approach/avoidance can be influenced by small change in testosterone levels.
Abstract
There have been many reports on the level of receptor and somatosensory system in relation to taste perception. Here, the psychological issues related to taste perception are introduced. Much of eating is a direct product of perception and cognition that depend on both top-down and bottom-up processes of external (e.g., size, shape and color of foods, color of plates, types of environmental noise, etc.) and internal (e.g., previous or current experiences, expectations, physical and psychological well-being, anhedonia, etc.) information. In the normal population, it can be said that our brain elegantly misperceives the raw gustatory sensation within normal range as integrating the available information provided before or during the food intake. However, clinical groups with mental illnesses such as personality disorders or eating disorders have been reported to be associated with abnormal psychological processes in the perception of intensity, pleasantness or palatability of foods, which are related to dysfunctional brain reordering circuits as well as primary taste cortex deficits. These altered neural activities in the reward regions may contribute to the pathological food intake. This comprehensive review of the psychological processes in taste perception may provide in-depth and pragmatic implications for future interdisciplinary research.
Abstract
Excessive zeros are frequently observed in response variables when behavioral characteristics in the development of children are assessed. For example, in the Korean Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition (KBSID-III)-adaptive behavior test, zero scale was excessively recorded more than other scales, such as 1, 2, or 3. A regular ordered probit (OP) model can be used when more than two outcomes appear in ordinal dependent variables. However, it is not appropriate for an OP model to be used with zero-inflated ordinal data. An OP model also has a limitation when there are two semantically distinctive groups, genuine non-participant and potential participant groups. We applied a two-step zero-inflated ordered probit (ZIOP) model in a Bayesian framework to the KBSID-III-adaptive behavior data. In the first step, the adaptive group (potential adaptive group was included) was separated from the genuine non-adaptive group using a probit model. In the second step, an OP model was applied to the adaptive group. A Bayesian estimation procedure to the ZIOP model was carried out with a Gibbs sampling algorithm using the open-source software R. The utility of the ZIOP model with zero-inflated ordered categorical variables was verified by checking the maginal effect of predictors on the change in the probability of a certain category.
Abstract
In this study we investigated the structural relationship between the Big Five personality traits which is a pretrauma characteristic, posttraumatic cognition, rumination, posttraumatic growth(PTG), and posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) symptoms. The participants were 1,000 adults who experienced traumatic event. For statistical analysis we set the research model with the Big Five personality traits affecting deliberate rumination through posttraumatic cognition and intrusive rumination. Competing model was set without the path from intrusive rumination to deliberate rumination. The results indicated that rumination and posttraumatic cognition did not mediate the relationship between extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and PTG, PTSD symptoms. Second, there was a mediating effect of intrusive rumination between openness to experience and PTSD symptoms. Moreover, the pathway to intrusive rumination, deliberate rumination, and PTG from openness to experience was also significant. Third, the pathway to posttraumatic cognition, event-related rumination, and both PTSD symptoms and PTG from neuroticism was significant. These results support the cognitive process of PTG model In the end we discussed the implication and limitations of the study.
Abstract
The relationship between intelligence and age was one of the topics in that many researchers were interested. In particular, the effects of age on intelligence need to be identified to distinguish a reduction in cognitive ability due to pathological problems from normal aging. One of the scales used in intelligence research is the Wechsler intelligence test. Recently, as the theories about intelligence have been established, more and more attempts have been made to apply the CHC theory that reflects psychometric properties to this scale. In this study we tried to investigated the CHC index of K-WAIS-Ⅳ by age. We used regression. average analysis, ANOVA, and ANCOVA using normative sample of K-WAIS-Ⅳ. As a result, it was confirmed that Gc is not only stable at all ages but also that is most influenced by cultural and educational experience compared to the other cognitive abilities. However, Gf, Gv, Gsm, and Gs declined in 20s, and Gs showed the greatest decrease. This study implies that the CHC theory on K-WAIS-Ⅳ was used to understand the intelligence, to confirm the change by age, and to provide an interpretive framework for the development of cognitive abilities.