Abstract

This study reviewed the changes in inclusivity through Korean urban planning history by examining Seoul Comprehensive Urban Plans. 12 occasions related to inclusivity were derived, and the triadic model of the state-civil society-the market was used to study what kinds of interactions between the three spheres enhance inclusivity in planning. The results show that inclusivity of Korean urban planning has generally expanded, and in particular, political democratization and the implementation of local autonomy have served as decisive opportunities. While after the democratization in 1987, the expanded neoliberal market was a threat to inclusivity, the growth of civil society was also an opportunity to promote inclusivity by engaging in planning and governance. In addition, as the power of the city government expanded, the city government, which had a close relationship with local civil society, took inclusionary initiatives ahead of the central government. When the state with reduced power cooperated with the market, the inclusivity of planning retreated or stagnated. However, when the three agents cooperated with the state using the market mechanism or attracting civil society to the market domain, the inclusivity expanded. These findings suggest that social movement in civil society is crucial in promoting inclusivity in urban planning.