Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
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ISSN : 1229-067X
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Vol.25 No.1
Abstract
The present study purported to examine the degree to which proportion of bullying takes place among harmer, victim, and their relationship in three types of bullying. It was also investigated which personality traits is related to bullying and victimizing behaviors and the reciprocity of bullying. The subjects were the 5th and 6th graders of elementary schools, Changwon city. They were randomly divided into 52 groups of all 4 boys(208 boys) and 45 groups of all 4 girls(180 girls) respectively. Each group with 4 students of the same sex. To begin with, groups were instructed to fill in the questionnaire about their personality traits and self-esteem. And then they rated all other members in their group via a round robin method. The major results as follows: First, harmer effect was about 16%, victim effect was about 6%, and their relationship effect was about 25% in bullying. Specifically, linguistic bullying was more triggered by their relationships, and harmer effect was more obvious in the boys than in the girls. Second, personality traits presumably related to bullying behaviors were not salient. But the girls who were lower in self-esteem and agreeableness were more likely to be bullied by peers. The boys who were less agreeable were more likely to become the target of alienation and linguistic bullying. Overall, there were stronger relations between personality factors and bullying among the girls than those among boys. Lastly, the boys showed reciprocity in all types of bullying. The reciprocity was particularly remarkable in an alienation type. Meanwhile, the girls showed less reciprocity in all kinds of bullying.
Abstract
This longitudinal study investigated the change of mental health according to the state of employment among the university graduates. The purpose of this study had two folds. First purpose was to evaluate the effect of long term youth unemployment experience on the mental health. Second purpose was to examine the effect of employment experience on the mental health among the university graduates. To achieve this research purpose, we designed longitudinal study composed by four surveys at six-month intervals. At all four points, participants were asked to answer GHQ (General Health Questionnaire) to measure the level of mental health. GHQ consists of depression anxiety subscale and disadjustment subscale. The data from 560 graduates who were identified whether employed or not were used for final analysis. We divided this data into four groups: First, ‘employment-employment-employment group(G1)’ was composed by the graduates who were employed at T2, T3 and T4. Second, ‘unemployment- employment- employment group(G2)’ was composed by the graduates who were employed at T3 and T4. Third, ‘unemployment-unemployment-employment group(G3)’ was composed by the graduates who were employed at T4. Fourth, ‘unemployment-unemployment-unemployment group(G4)’ was composed by the graduates who were unemployed during all four points. The results showed that the employment had positive effect on the emotional mental health at the point of job achievement, and that the long term youth unemployment resulted in the negative changes of the emotional mental health(GHQ-depression anxiety). The implications and limitations of this study were discussed and future directions of study were suggested.
Abstract
This study focuses on making clear the relation between everyday creativity and individuality-relatedness. As a result of correlation analyses, everyday creativity showed .44 of Pearson's r correlation with individuality and .55 of Pearson's r correlation with relatedness. This indicates that one who is high in everyday creativity has both high individuality and high relatedness. This result was supported through multiple regression analyses and t test. That is, a creative person has not only the individualistic disposition such as independence, originality, and self-insistence but also the related disposition such as cooperation, altruism, and extroversion. Those two dispositions are not incompatible. This result supports the several studies' suggestion that creative persons could have both positive and negative characters. Also it shows the possibility that seemingly contradictory dispositions in their meanings can coexist.
Abstract
This study was conducted to explore the structure of self-esteem among Korean adults and to develop a Korean Self-esteem Scale. 61 Korean adults participated in FGI (Focused Group Interview) in which they were asked to indicate situations enhancing their self-esteem as well as situations depressing their self-esteem. The content analysis of their responses yielded 14 categories with 148 characteristics of self-esteem. The list of 148 items, Rosenberg's self-esteem scale(1979), and Ryff's psychological well-being scale(1989) were administered to a nationwide sample of 1503 Korean adults in order to assess their self-esteem and psychological well-being through 6-point Likert scale. Responses from 877 participants were submitted to exploratory factor analysis and 70 items with low factor coefficient were deleted. The Korean Self-esteem Scale consisted of 78 items and 11 factors. Confirmatory factor analysis of the responses from the 611 adults showed that the 11 factor structure derived from the exploratory factor analysis was appropriate. The Korean Self-esteem Scale showed relatively high correlations with Rosenberg's self-esteem scale and Ryff's psychological well-being scale, respectively r=.39, .68. These results supported the construct validity of the Korean Self-esteem Scale. Finally the implications and limitations of the present study were discussed.
Abstract
The present study purported to develop a word-list learning test for the elderly Koreans and examine its reliability and validity as a memory assessment tool. The word list of the Elderly Verbal Learning Test (EVLT) consists of nine items from three categories (animal, fruit, household electronics) that are familiar to elderly Koreans. The words were selected based on familiarity, facility of pronunciation, and mental imagery. To examine the validity of the test, EVLT was administerd to 273 normal elderly participants who were over 55 years of age and 25 patients diagnosed with the probable dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT). The convergent and discriminant validities were supported by the significant correlation of the EVLT measures with the Memory subtest of the K-DRS and the Story Recall Test, but not with the visuospatial measures, such as the Visuospatial Span and the Construction score of the K-DRS. Factor analysis revealed six factors, which is likely to reflect the memory structure in general population as well as the memory characteristics unique to Korean elders. Discriminant analysis identified significant EVLT measures, which classified 97.3% of the patients with Alzheimer's disease correctly. Interestingly compared with the U.S. adult populations with little educational variance, education proved to be a significant factor in EVLT performance in the elderly Koreans in addition to age and gender. In summary, EVLT appears to be a valid tool for assessing the memory of elderly Koreans, which could assist in effective dementia evaluation.