Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
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ISSN : 1229-067X
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Vol.39 No.2
Abstract
Categorical confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a measurement model that incorporates the categorical nature of the Likert scale, which is frequently used in the social sciences, including but not limited to psychology. The categorical CFA has quite different and complex model specification and identification as compared to the typical continuous CFA. A multi-group extension of the categorical CFA needs even more restrictions to be properly specified and identified. Moreover, the steps in checking the measurement invariance with the categorical indicator variables differ from those with the case of continuous indicator variables. The present study aims to help researchers choose proper methods and procedures for using a multi-group categorical CFA by investigating and integrating unorganized existing literature. To achieve this goal, we focus on two aspects. Based on the limited information estimation, we introduce scaling methods for the two types of latent variables, latent response variables and factors, and also address the method for parameter restrictions for multi-group analysis. Next, focusing on threshold parameters of the categorical CFA, we provide possible procedures for checking the measurement invariance. We then illustrate an application of the whole procedures using real data, and finally discuss the results.
Abstract
As loneliness has emerged as a social issue, more countries are intervening in the loneliness of their people at the national level. Meanwhile, studies have been steadily increasing in a situation where no conceptual consensus has been reached on loneliness, and similar concepts are used conceptually undifferentiated. The purpose of this study is to examine the major theories of loneliness, to examine the unique loneliness that Koreans experience, and to review the most used measures of loneliness. First, theoretical perspectives (social needs, cognitive, existential-phenomenological, and interactionistic approach) were integrally examined, confirming that loneliness consists of relational deficiencies, subjective assessment, painful emotions, and contextual factors. Second, loneliness is conceptually distinct from solitude, isolation, alienation, and dissatisfaction with relationships by two dimensions of choice and perception. Third, Koreans are more likely to experience collective, other-oriented, and fusional loneliness. Based on these results, we critically analyzed the measures of loneliness.
Abstract
In this study, Yonsei-Cambridge Mindreading Face Battery for Children (YCAM-C) and Yonsei-Cambridge Mindreading Face Battery for Adolescent (YCAM-A) were developed and rationalized in order to evaluate the complex emotion recognition ability of children and adolescents. For the manufacture of items, a list of emotions were selected based on the Cambridge Mindreading Face Battery (CAM) and Cambridge Mindreading Face Battery for Children (CAM-C) and evaluated by 112 undergraduate students following the criteria of universality and possibility of expression. Then, 56 models expressing the emotions were filmed and 113 items were developed through selecting 5 seconds sections. Lastly, preliminary items for YCAM-C were confirmed based on the cognitive characteristics of childhood and item-difficulty. Lastly, preliminary items for YCAM-C were confirmed based on the cognitive characteristics of childhood and item-difficulty. For YCAM-A, all 113 items were confirmed, the same as for Yonsei-Cambridge Mindreading Face Battery for Adult. In study 1, 466 elementary school students were recruited. All students conducted YCAM-C and one of additional questionnaires; Matson Evaluation of Social Skills with Youngsters, Executive Function Difficulty Questionnaire, and Bullying-Behavior Scale/Peer-Victimization Scale. In study 2, preliminary items for YCAM-A were confirmed based on the same procedure used in study 1. 356 middle and high school students were recruited. All students conducted YCAM-A, Korean version of Social skill Rating System-Secondary Level, Executive Function Difficulty Questionnaire, and Bullying-Behavior Scale/Peer-Victimization Scale. As a result of study 1, 18 emotions and a total of 54 items(3 items each for an emotion) were finally included. Reliability of YCAM-C was verified by calculating internal consistency and test-retest reliability, concurrent validity and discriminant validity were also verified through comparative analysis with other psychological factors. As a result of study 2, 18 emotions and a total of 54 items(3 items each for an emotion) were finally included. Based on the collected data, the reliability of YCAM-A was verified by calculating internal consistency and test-retest reliability, concurrent validity and discriminant validity were also verified by comparison analysis with social skills, executive function and level of bullying. The implications and limitations of the study were further discussed.
Abstract
This study examined the moderating effect of social rejection on the relationship between vulnerability, which is one of the characteristics of pathological narcissism, and depression. Before the main experiment, five preliminary studies were conducted to make a new experimental paradigm, ‘first impression effect study with video’, to manipulate social rejection and non-rejection. In the main experiment, 152 participants from a university answered a questionnaire about narcissistic vulnerability and were randomly assigned to one of the experimental conditions(social rejection[N=76] and non-rejection[N=76]). The results showed that narcissistic vulnerability predicted depression significantly and positively only in the condition of social rejection. This study has significant implications for the development of an new social rejection experiment procedure by making up for the existing social rejection experiment paradigm, as well as for extending the understanding of the relationship between narcissistic vulnerability and depression considering the role of social rejection. In addition, the findings of this study suggest that people with narcissistic vulnerabilities are more likely to feel depressed in interpersonal situations due to unrealistic expectatioons that require only positive responses from others. Lastly, social and cultural understanding of the psychological maladjustment of pathological narcissism, including narcissistic vulnerability, can be expanded if social and economic status and power of social rejections are considered in this experiment.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore and review the existing theories and empirical studies on the symptoms and treatment of complex PTSD separated into independent diagnostic categories in the recent International Classification of Diseases(ICD-11). Symptoms of complex PTSD can be explained in three categories: emotional control disorders, loss of self-integrity, and impairment of interpersonal skills. And it includes various symptoms such as depression, anxiety, extreme emotions, sleep disorders, nightmares, dissociation, self-harm and suicidal thoughts, somatization disorders, and interpersonal problems. Complex PTSD clients may find it difficult to form rapport and continue psychotherapy because processing traumatic experience is painful and representations of themselves and others are negative. Therefore, it is necessary to provide phase-based treatment to provide the client with a sense of safety. The phases for complex PTSD treatment consists of (1) stabilization, (2) process of traumatic memory, and (3) integration of treatment benefits. The contents of each phase of treatment and empirical researches were outlined and discussed for the future application and development of complex PTSD treatment.