바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

Space and Environment

Animal Geographies for More-than-human Geographies in and of Korea

Space and Environment / Space and Environment, (P)1225-6706; (E)2733-4295
2018, v.28 no.1, pp.16-54
https://doi.org/10.19097/kaser.2018.28.1.16

Abstract

반려동물 사육 인구 천만 명을 넘어서면서, 최근 한국 사회에서 동물에 대한 대중적·정책적 관심이 빠른 속도로 높아지고 있다. 그러나 국내 인문지리학 연구에서 동물은 아직까지 본격적인 연구 대상으로 다뤄지지 못하고 있다. 이 같은 동물에 대한 ‘침묵’은 동물지리학이 인문지리학의 한 분야로 자리 잡은 영미 지리학계의 상황과 대조된다. 지난 20여 년간 동물지리학자들은 비인간 동물의 행위성(agency)과 인간-동물의 감응적(affective) 상호작용을 탐색함으로써 동물지리학을 인간 너머 지리학(more-than-human geography)의 이론적·경험적 프론티어로 발전시켜왔다. 특히 이들은 인간과 구별되는 동물의 차이를 존중하고, 이를 번성(flourishing) 케 할 것을 요구하는 혁신적 인간-동물 관계를 모색해 왔다. 이는 인간과 동물의유사성에 주목하고 동물 학대의 종식을 목표로 하는 현실 동물 해방 운동의 입장과 구분된다. 이 논문은 한국 인문지리학 연구의 지평을 인간-동물 관계로 확장하기 위한 탐색적 연구로, 영미 동물지리학의 연구 동향을 소개하고, 국내 동물지리학 연구가 개입할 수 있는 지점들을 검토해 보고자 한다. 먼저, 1990년대 중반 영미 인문지리학에서 출현한 ‘새로운’ 동물지리학의 발전 과정과 특징을 살펴본다. 이어 영미 동물지리학에서 발전시켜 온 주요 이론적 접근법(사회적 생산·구성주의적 접근, 관계적 접근, 생명정치적 접근)을 대표 연구 성과와 함께 소개한다. 마지막으로, 최근 영미 동물지리학 연구의 주요 쟁점 네 가지를 소개하고, 국내 동물지리학 연구가 개입하고 발전시킬 수 있는 지점들을 살펴본다.

keywords
animal geographies, more-than-human geography, biopolitics, nature-society relations, animal welfare, 동물지리학, 인간 너머의 지리학, 생명정치, 자연-사회 관계, 동물복지

Reference

1.

고든, 콜린(Colin Gordon) 외. 2014. 『푸코 효과: 통치성에 관한 연구』. 심성보•유진•이규원•이승철•전의령•최영찬 옮김. 난장.

2.

김동진. 2013. 「17세기 호속목제 시행의 생태경제사적 요인」. ≪역사와 현실≫, 90권, 29~70쪽.

3.

김명식. 2013. 「동물윤리와 환경윤리: 동물해방론과 생태중심주의 비교. ≪환경철학≫, 15권 0호, 1~30쪽.

4.

김민정. (2012). 「물질대사 균열 관점에서 본 인간과 자연간의 관계: 가축의 사육과질병에 대한 사례를 중심으로」. ≪사회과학연구≫, 20권 1호, 8~39쪽.

5.

김숙진. 2010. 「행위자-연결망 이론을 통한 과학과 자연의 재해석」. ≪대한지리학회지≫, 45권 4호, 461~477쪽.

6.

김숙진. 2016. 「아상블라주의 개념과 지리학적 함의」. ≪대한지리학회지≫, 51권 3호, 311~326쪽.

7.

김아름•이제민•장갑수. 2017. 「제주 노루(Capreolus pygargus)의 서식지 선호도 분석」. ≪한국지리정보학회지≫, 20권 4호, 139~151쪽.

8.

김환석. 2017. 「사회과학의 ‘물질적 전환(material turn)’을 위하여」. ≪경제와사회≫, 112권, 208~231쪽.

9.

매시, 도린(Doreen Massey). 2016. 『공간을 위하여』. 박경환•이영민•이용균 옮김. 심산.

10.

박준규•김민규. 2011. 「GIS에 의한 3차원 동물서식도 제작」. ≪한국지리정보학회지≫, 14권 4호, 54~62쪽.

11.

박창길. 2005. 「환경철학과 환경운동: 동물윤리와 한국의 동물보호법 개정」. ≪환경철학≫, 4권 0호, 29~73쪽.

12.

서소정. 2014. 「대한제국기 일제의 동물원 설립과 그 성격」. ≪한국근현대사연구≫, 68권, 7~42쪽.

13.

서울시•동물보호시민단체 카라. 2017. 『동물유기 및 야생화 예방을 위한 2차 시민토론회: 산에 사는 유기견(들개) 문제 어떻게 할 것인가 시민토론회 자료집』.

14.

싱어, 피터(Peter Singer). 2012. 『동물 해방』. 김성한 옮김. 연암서가.

15.

윤익준. 2016. 「동물의 지위에 대한 법정책적 담론: 현행법상 동물의 보호와 동물복지를 중심으로」. ≪법과 정책연구≫, 16권 1호, 37~65쪽.

16.

이용숙. 2017. 「가족으로서의 반려동물의 의미와 반려동물로 인한 구별 짓기」. ≪한국문화인류학≫, 50권 2호, 337~403쪽.

17.

이종찬. 2015. 「행위자-연결망 이론을 통해 본 길고양이 중성화 사업(TNR)과 공존의정치」. 서울대 환경대학원 환경계획학과 석사 학위 논문.

18.

장신옥. 2016. 「사회구성주의와 자연」. ≪환경사회학연구 ECO≫, 20권 2호, 133~163쪽.

19.

전의령. 2017. 「“길냥이를 부탁해”: 포스트휴먼 공동체의 생정치」. ≪한국문화인류학≫, 50권 3호, 3~40쪽.

20.

최명애. 2016. 「한국 생태관광에 대한 녹색통치성 연구를 위한 소고」. ≪공간과사회≫, 26권 4호(통권 58호), 229~266쪽.

21.

최병두. 2015. 「행위자-네트워크 이론과 위상학적 공간 개념」. ≪공간과사회≫, 25권3호(통권 53호), 126~173쪽.

22.

크레스웰, 팀(Tim Cresswell). 2015. 『지리사상사』. 박경환•류연택•심승희•정현주•서태동 옮김. 시그마프레스.

23.

Agamben, G. 2004. The open: Man and animal. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.

24.

Agrawal, A. 2005. Environmentality: Technologies of government and the making of subjects. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

25.

Anderson, B. 2009. “Affective atmospheres.” Emotion, Space and Society, 2(2), pp. 77~81.

26.

Anderson, K. 1995. “Culture and nature at the Adelaide Zoo: At the frontiers of ‘human’geography.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 20(3), pp. 275~294.

27.

Asdal, K., T. Druglitrø. and S. Hinchliffe. 2016. Humans, animals and biopolitics: The more-than-human condition. London: Routledge.

28.

Barua, M. 2013. “Circulating elephants: Unpacking the geographies of a cosmopolitan animal.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 39(4), pp. 559~573.

29.

Barua, M. 2016. “Lively commodities and encounter value.” Environment and Planning D:Society and Space, 34(4), pp. 725~744.

30.

Bear, C. and S. Eden. 2011. “Thinking like a fish? Engaging with nonhuman difference through recreational angling.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 29(2), pp. 336~352.

31.

Beardsworth, A. and A. Bryman. 2001. “The wild animal in late modernity: The case of the Disneyization of zoos.” Tourist Studies, 1(1), pp. 83~104.

32.

Bekoff, M. 2002. Minding animals: Awareness, emotions, and heart. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

33.

Best, S. 2009. “The rise of critical animal studies: Putting theory into action and animal liberation into higher education.” Journal for Critical Animal Studies, 7(1), pp. 9~52.

34.

Bingham, N. 2006. “Bees, butterflies, and bacteria: Biotechnology and the politics of nonhuman friendship.” Environment and Planning A, 38(3), pp. 483~498.

35.

Braun, B. 2005. “Environmental issues: Writing a more-than-human urban geography.”Progress in Human Geography, 29(5), pp. 635~650.

36.

Buller, H. 2008. “Safe from the wolf: Biosecurity, biodiversity, and competing philosophies of nature.” Environment and Planning A, 40(7), pp. 1583~1597.

37.

Buller, H. 2013a. “Animal geographies I.” Progress in Human Geography, 38(2), pp. 308~318.

38.

Buller, H. 2013b. “Individuation, the mass and farm animals.” Theory, Culture & Society, 30(7-8), pp. 155~175.

39.

Buller, H. 2015. “Animal geographies II: Methods.” Progress in Human Geography, 39(3), pp. 374~384.

40.

Buller, H. 2016a. “Animal geographies.” International encyclopedia of geography: People, the earth, environment and technology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

41.

Buller, H. 2016b. “Animal geographies III: Ethics.” Progress in Human Geography, 40(3), pp. 422~430.

42.

Calarco, M. 2008. Zoographies: The question of the animal from Heidegger to Derrida. New York: Columbia University Press.

43.

Candea, M. 2010. ““I fell in love with Carlos the meerkat”: Engagement and detachment in human-animal relations.” American Ethnologist, 37(2), pp. 241~258.

44.

Castree, N. 2008a. “Neoliberalising nature: processes, effects, and evaluations.” Environment and Planning A, 40(1), pp. 153~173.

45.

Castree, N. 2008b. “Neoliberalising nature: The logics of deregulation and reregulation.”Environment and Planning A, 40(1), pp. 131~152.

46.

Castree, N. and B. Braun. 2001. Social nature: Theory, practice, and politics. Oxford:Blackwell Publishers.

47.

Chang, K. S. 2010. South Korea under compressed modernity: Familial political economy in transition. Abingdon: Routledge.

48.

Choi, M. A. 2016a. “More-than-human geographies of nature: Toward a careful political ecology.” Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 51(5), pp. 613~632.

49.

Choi, M. A. 2016b. Governing deceleration: The natures, times, and spaces of ecotourism in South Korea. PhD thesis, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford.

50.

Choi, M. A. 2017. “The whale multiple: Spatial formations of whale tourism in Jangsaengpo, South Korea.” Environment and Planning A, 49(11), pp. 2536~2557.

51.

Christophers, B. 2006. “Visions of nature, spaces of empire: Framing natural history programming within geometries of power.” Geoforum, 37(6), pp. 973~985.

52.

Cloke, P. and H. C. Perkins. 2005. “Cetacean performance and tourism in Kaikoura, New Zealand.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 23(6), pp. 903~924.

53.

Collard, R. C. 2013. “Putting animals back together, taking commodities apart.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 104(1), pp. 151~165.

54.

Collard, R. C. and J. Dempsey. 2013. “Life for sale? The politics of lively commodities.”Environment and Planning A, 45(11), pp. 2682~2699.

55.

Davies, G. 2000a. “Narrating the natural history unit: Institutional orderings and spatial strategies.” Geoforum, 31(4), pp. 539~551.

56.

Davies, G. 2000b. “Virtual animals in electronic zoos.” In: C. Philo and C. Wilbert(eds.). Animal spaces, beastly places: New geographies of human-animal relations. London:Routledge, pp. 243~266.

57.

Davies, G. 2012. “Caring for the multiple and the multitude: Assembling animal welfare and enabling ethical critique.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 30(4), pp. 623~638.

58.

Davies, G. 2014. “Searching for GloFish®: Aesthetics, ethics, and encounters with the neon baroque.” Environment and Planning A, 46(11), pp. 2604~2621.

59.

Dean, M. 2010. Governmentality: Power and rule in modern society(2nd edn). London: Sage.

60.

Derrida, J. 2008. The animal that therefore I am. New York: Fordham University Press.

61.

Duffy, R. 2014. “Interactive elephants: Nature, tourism and neoliberalism.” Annals of Tourism Research, 44, pp. 88~101.

62.

Duffy, R. and L. Moore. 2010. “Neoliberalising nature? Elephant-back tourism in Thailand and Botswana.” Antipode, 42(3), pp. 742~766.

63.

Emel, J. 1998. “Are you man enough, big and bad enough? Wolf eradication in the US.” In: J. R. Wolch and J. Emel(eds.). Animal geographies: Place, politics, and identity in the nature-culture borderlands. New York: Verso. pp. 91~118.

64.

Emel, J., C. Wilbert. and J. Wolch. 2003. “Reanimating cultural geography.” In: K. Anderson(ed.). Handbook of cultural geography. London: Sage, pp. 184~206.

65.

Foucault, M. 1978. The history of sexuality, volume I. New York: Vintage.

66.

Foucault, M. 2009. Security, territory, population: Lectures at the Collège de France. Basingtoke:Palgrave Macmillan.

67.

Gillespie, K. and R. C. Collard. 2015. Critical animal geographies: Politics, intersections and hierarchies in a multispecies world. New York: Taylor & Francis.

68.

Ginn, F. 2014. “Sticky lives: Slugs, detachment and more-than-human ethics in the garden.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 39(4), pp. 532~544.

69.

Greenhough, B. 2012. “Where species meet and mingle: Endemic human-virus relations, embodied communication and more-than-human agency at the Common Cold Unit 1946-90.” Cultural Geographies, 19(3), pp. 281~301.

70.

Greenhough, B. and E. J. Roe. 2011. “Ethics, space, and somatic sensibilities: Comparing relationships between scientific researchers and their human and animal experimental subjects.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 29(1), pp. 47~66.

71.

Hannah, M. G. 2011. “Biopower, life and left politics.” Antipode, 43(4), pp. 1034~1055.

72.

Haraway, D. 2008. When species meet. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

73.

Hinchliffe, S. 2007. Geographies of nature: Societies, environments, ecologies. London: Sage.

74.

Hinchliffe, S. and N. Bingham. 2008. “Securing life: The emerging practices of biosecurity.” Environment and Planning A, 40(7), pp. 1534~1551.

75.

Hinchliffe, S., M. B. Kearnes., M. Degen. and S. Whatmore. 2005. “Urban wild things:A cosmopolitical experiment.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 23(5), pp. 643~658.

76.

Hinchliffe, S. and S. Whatmore. 2006. “Living cities: Towards a politics of conviviality.”Science as Culture, 15(2), pp. 123~138.

77.

Hobson, K. 2007. “Political animals? On animals as subjects in an enlarged political geography.” Political Geography, 26(3), pp. 250~267.

78.

Hodgetts, T. 2016. “Wildlife conservation, multiple biopolitics and animal subjectification:Three mammals’ tales.” Geoforum, 79, pp. 17~25.

79.

Hodgetts, T. and J. Lorimer. 2015. “Methodologies for animals’ geographies: Cultures, communication and genomics.” Cultural Geographies, 22(2), pp. 285~295.

80.

Holloway, L., C. Morris., B. Gilna. and D. Gibbs. 2009. “Biopower, genetics and livestock breeding: (Re)constituting animal populations and heterogeneous biosocial collectivities.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 34(3), pp. 394~407.

81.

Hovorka, A. 2008. “Transspecies urban theory: Chickens in an African city.” Cultural Geographies, 15(1), pp. 95~117.

82.

Kirksey, E. 2014. The Multispecies salon. Durham: Duke University Press.

83.

Kirksey, S. and S. Helmreich. 2010. “The emergence of multispecies ethnography.”Cultural Anthropology, 25(4), pp. 545~576.

84.

Ko, Y. -F. 2003. “Consuming differences: ‘Hello Kitty’ and the identity crisis in Taiwan.”Postcolonial Studies: Culture, Politics, Economy, 6(2), pp. 175~189.

85.

Laurier, E. 2014. “Dissolving the dog: the home made video.” Cultural Geographies, 21(4), pp. 627~638.

86.

Latour, B. 2004. Politics of nature. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

87.

Lemke, T. 2011. Biopolitics: An advanced introduction. New York: New York University Press.

88.

Lorimer, H. 2006. “Herding memories of humans and animals.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 24(4), pp. 497~518.

89.

Lorimer, J. 2007. “Nonhuman charisma.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 25(5), pp. 911~932.

90.

Lorimer, J. 2008. “Counting corncrakes: The affective science of the UK corncrake census.”Social Studies of Science, 38(3), pp. 377~405.

91.

Lorimer, J. 2010a. “Elephants as companion species: The lively biogeographies of Asian elephant conservation in Sri Lanka.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 35(4), pp. 491~506.

92.

Lorimer, J. 2010b. “Moving image methodologies for more-than-human geographies.”Cultural Geographies, 17(2), pp. 237~258.

93.

Lorimer, J. 2012. “Multinatural geographies for the Anthropocene.” Progress in Human Geography, 36(5), pp. 593~612.

94.

Lorimer, J. 2015. Wildlife in the Anthropocean: Conservation after nature. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

95.

Lorimer, J. 2017. “Parasites, ghosts and mutualists: A relational geography of microbes for global health.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 42(4), pp. 544~558.

96.

Lorimer, J. and C. Driessen. 2013. “Bovine biopolitics and the promise of monsters in the rewilding of Heck cattle.” Geoforum, 48, pp. 249~259.

97.

Lorimer, J. and T. Hodgetts. 2016. “Biogeography.” International encyclopedia of geography:People, the earth, environment and technology, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

98.

Lorimer, J. and K. Srinivasan. 2013. “Animal geographies.” In: N. Johnson, R. Schein and J. Winders(eds.). The Wiley-Blackwell companion to cultural geography. Oxford: Wiley. pp. 332~342.

99.

Lorimer, J. and S. Whatmore. 2009. “After the ‘king of beasts’: Samuel Baker and the embodied historical geographies of elephant hunting in mid-nineteenth-century Ceylon.” Journal of Historical Geography, 35(4), pp. 668~689.

100.

Luke, T. 1999. “Environmentality as green governmentality.” In: É. Darier(ed.). Discourses of the environment. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 121~151.

101.

Lulka, D. 2004. “Stabilizing the herd: Fixing the identity of nonhumans.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 22(3), pp. 439~463.

102.

Mansfield, B. 2003. “From catfish to organic fish: Making distinctions about nature as cultural economic practice.” Geoforum, 34(3), pp. 329~342.

103.

Mansfield, B. 2006. “Assessing market-based environmental policy using a case study of North Pacific fisheries.” Global Environmental Change, 16(1), pp. 29~39.

104.

Massey, D. B. 1994. “A global sense of place.” Space, place, and gender. Cambridge: Polity Press. pp. 146~156.

105.

McVeigh, B. J. 2000. “How Hello Kitty commodifies the cute, cool and camp:‘Consumutopia’ versus ‘Control’ in Japan.” Journal of Material Culture, 5(2), pp. 225~245.

106.

Nam, J. Y. 2014. Free Jedol: The biopolitics of captive dolphin release in South Korea. MSc dissertation, School of Geographical Science, University of Bristol.

107.

Neves, K. 2010. “Cashing in on cetourism: A critical ecological engagement with dominant e-NGO discourses on whaling, cetacean conservation, and whale watching.”Antipode, 42(3), pp. 719~741.

108.

Philo, C. and C. Wilbert. 2000a. Animal spaces, beastly places: New geographies of human-animal relations. Oxford; New York: Routledge.

109.

Philo, C. and C. Wilbert. 2000b. “Introduction.” In: C. Philo and C. Wilbert(eds.). Animal spaces, beastly places: New geographies of human-animal relations. Oxford; New York: Routledge. pp. 1~36.

110.

Philo, C. and J. Wolch. 1998. “Through the geographical looking glass: Space, place, and society-animal relations.” Society and Animals, 6(2), pp. 103~118.

111.

Rabinow, P. and N. Rose. 2006. “Biopower today.” BioSocieties, 1(2), pp. 195~217.

112.

Rajan, K. S. 2006. Biocapital: The constitution of postgenomic life. Durham: Duke University Press.

113.

Regan, T. 2004. The case for animal rights. Berkeley: University of California Press.

114.

Rose, N. 2007. The politics of life itself: Biomedicine, power, and subjectivity in the twenty-first century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

115.

Rutherford, P. and S. Rutherford. 2013a. “The confusions and exuberances of biopolitics.”Geography Compass, 7(6), pp. 412~422.

116.

Rutherford, S. and P. Rutherford. 2013b. “Geography and biopolitics.” Geography Compass, 7(6), pp. 423~434.

117.

Rutherford, S. 2007. “Green governmentality: Insights and opportunities in the study of nature’s rule.” Progress in Human Geography, 31(3), pp. 291~307.

118.

Rutherford, S. 2011. Governing the wild: Ecotours of power. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

119.

Rutherford, S. 2013. “The biopolitical animal in Canadian and environmental studies.” Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue Détudes Canadiennes, 47(3), pp. 123~144.

120.

Shukin, N. 2009. Animal capital: Rendering life in biopolitical times. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

121.

Srinivasan, K. 2013. “The biopolitics of animal being and welfare: Dog control and care in the UK and India.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 38(1), pp. 106~119.

122.

Stengers, I., B. Braun. and S. J. Whatmore. 2010. “Including nonhumans in political theory: Opening the Pandora’s Box?” In: B. Braun and S. Whatmore(eds.). Political matter: Technoscience, democracy, and public life, Minneapolis: University of Minesota Press, pp. 3~33.

123.

Tatar, B. 2017. “Place-making, landscape and materialities: whales and social practices in Ulsan, Korea.” Korean Cultural Anthropology, 50(2), pp. 405~446.

124.

Thrift, N. 2007. Non-representational theory: Space, politics, affect. Abingdon: Routledge.

125.

Twine, R. 2010. Animals as biotechnology: Ethics, sustainability and critical animal studies. London: Routledge.

126.

Urbanik, J. 2012. Placing animals: An introduction to the geography of human-animal relations. Lanham; Rowman & Littlefield.

127.

Urbanik, J. and M. Morgan. 2013. “A tale of tails: The place of dog parks in the urban imaginary.” Geoforum, 44, pp. 292~302.

128.

Van Dooren, T. 2014. Flight ways: Life and loss at the edge of extinction. New York:Columbia University Press.

129.

Vannini, P. 2015. Non-representational methodologies: Re-envisioning research. London:Routledge.

130.

Whatmore, S. 2002. Hybrid geographies: Natures cultures spaces. London: Sage.

131.

Whatmore, S. 2006. “Materialist returns: Practising cultural geography in and for a more-than-human world.” Cultural Geographies, 13(4), pp. 600~609.

132.

Whatmore, S. and L. Thorne. 1998. “Wild(er)ness: Reconfiguring the geographies of wildlife.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 23(4), pp. 435~454.

133.

Wheeler, W. and L. Williams. 2012. “The animals turn.” New Formations, 76, pp. 5~7.

134.

Wolch, J. and J. Emel. 1995. “Bringing the animals back in.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 13(6), pp. 632~636.

135.

Wolch, J. R. 1998. “Zoopolis.” In: J. R. Wolch and J. Emel(eds.). Animal geographies:Place, politics, and identity in the nature-culture borderlands. New York: Verso. pp. 119~138.

136.

Wolch, J. R. and J. Emel. 1998. Animal geographies: Place, politics, and identity in the nature-culture borderlands. New York: Verso.

137.

남종영. 2017.7.3. “ ‘북한산 들개’의 탄생 … 개들은 왜 산으로 갔을까”. ≪한겨레≫.

138.

신호경. 2017.2.19. “한국인 5명 중 1명 반려동물 기른다 … 문화와 산업 됐다”. ≪연합뉴스≫.

139.

최우리. 2017.4.17. “반려동물 인구 1천만 시대 … 대선공약 오른 동물복지”. ≪한겨레≫.

Space and Environment