Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
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ISSN : 1229-067X
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Vol.38 No.4
Abstract
With the advent of the fourth industrial revolution, smart technology is applied to various areas of daily life, and the use of individuals in various age groups is also on the rise. Up until now, previous study in the field of developmental psychology tended to focus on the negative aspects that exposure to smart technologies could cause: addiction tendency, attention problems, problem behavior, etc. However, more adept and active use of the convenience of smart technologies is inevitable in the digital age, and it is necessary to find concrete ways to enable positive development while minimizing the actual negative development results. In this study, we are going to open up advance studies on smart technologies that are applied in areas such as children's play and education, developmental psychopathology and psychological counseling from a developmental psychological perspective. In addition, we would like to explore ways to utilize smart technologies to promote positive human development and suggest future research directions.
Abstract
The development of new technology such as big data, machine learning, and Artificial Intelligence changes human behaviors and thought. Increased use of the internet makes it possible to observe various human activities that were not observable before. Huge amounts of data about various types of human activities are being stored on the internet. Analyzing this information will help extend the scope of understanding human behaviors and psychology. The present paper attempts to find a way of applying new technology to psychological studies. Specifically, we focused on what big data are like and how they can be used for psychological research. This paper first reviewed the characteristics of big data and their role in psychological research. In this context, it discussed the problems of data-driven analysis techniques in which big data analysis is applied and the possibility of applying such methods to psychological research. In this context, it discussed the problems of the data-driven analytic scheme that big data analysis adapting and the possibilities of applying such a method to psychological research. Second, data analytic techniques used in big data analyses are reviewed. These techniques should be able to deal with big and unorganized data and unstructured data such as pictures, video clips, texts, etc. Specifically, it reviewed basic principles of topic modeling, ridge or lasso regression, support vector machine, neural network, and deep learning, and their application to psychological data. Third, the limitations of the use of big data in psychological research are discussed. Finally, it proposed ways of applying big data technology to psychological research.
Abstract
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is a revolution that begins with new technologies that never existed, such as machine learning, big data, and artificial intelligence. Consequently, clinical psychology should face a huge paradigm shift that is an important turning point in human history. First, this paper briefly introduced human and social changes focusing on dehumanization associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Primarily, it reviewed based on recent 5 years studies how new technologies are influencing on psychological assessment and psychotherapy in the field of clinical psychology. In addition, recent researches on serious game-based psychological assessment and psychotherapy, which are concentrated on various new technologies, were explored. Lastly, it presented current trends and opinions related to the data sharing and the privacy protection which Korean clinical psychologists should pay attention to special interest among the new technologies.
Abstract
Individuals with high trait-anxiety show biased cognitive processing, and aberrantly process social and emotional information in facial expression. A recent study indicated that anxious individuals had difficulty in detecting biological motion (BM) that has rich social information from noise elements, but performed better when the stimuli contained emotional valence. The same study showed that emotion did not facilitate explicit emotion discrimination in high anxiety group. However, the present study hypothesized that people with high trait-anxiety would be more sensitive to emotional information in the discrimination task, if more sophisticatedly controlled. Therefore, an emotion discrimination task using emotional BM and a control task which had only emotionally-neutral BMs were administered to high- and low-trait-anxiety groups. The results showed better discrimination accuracy in high-anxiety group in the emotion discrimination task while no difference in the control task. These results confirmed that trait-anxiety affects emotional processing in BM as well as in facial expression. Further consideration on related social functioning, limitations and future research were discussed.
Abstract
This study compared two strategies of emotional labor, surface acting and deep acting, in terms of their effects on three facets of burnout: exhaustion, cynicism, and professional inefficacy. Participants were 131 service employees who completed two-time online surveys conducted Tuesday and Thursday. It was examined whether Tuesday emotional labor would have effects on Thursday burnout and found that surface acting increased exhaustion and cynicism more than deep acting. In addition, the sequential mediation analyses demonstrated that surface acting had a sequential indirect effect on professional inefficacy through exhaustion and cynicism, whereas deep acting only had a direct effect on professional inefficacy. In other words, pathways from emotional labor to burnout differed depending on the specific strategies of emotional labor as well. These results imply that intervention to emotional labor should be tailored to each strategy.
Abstract
Today, the idea that only women can wear makeup is no longer accepted. Although many men do wear makeup, the social responses to those men are not always positive. Does makeup actually make men’s faces appear more attractive? The current study finds the answer for this question through psychological experiments. As stimuli for these experiments, male faces that were made up in five steps (1: no makeup, 2: skin makeup, 3: eyebrow makeup, 4: eyeliner makeup, 5: eyeshadow makeup) were employed. In the experiments, after presenting male faces with makeup, participants were asked to rate how attractive those faces looked (experiment 1) and how heavily made up those faces appeared (experiment 2). A 7-point likert scale was used in both experiments: a higher point means more attractive and heavier, respectively. In experiment 1, the results showed the inverted U curve. There was an increase in attractiveness from step 1 (no makeup) to step 3 (eyebrow makeup), and after that there was a decrease. The results of experiment 2 showed that the more make-up applied, the easier participants can detect the degree of make-up. In particular, until step 3 (eyebrow makeup), faces were perceived as having light makeup; in steps 4 and 5, the faces were perceived as having (relatively) heavy makeup. Collectively, as the level of make-up increases, the perceived attractiveness increases to a certain point, but after that, it decreases, which seems to be related to the detection of make-up. This study was the first in Korea to explore male makeup with an experimental paradigm, which directly confirmed whether the male face can be perceived as more attractive with makeup or not. The relationship between makeup and the attractiveness of the male face is different from that of the female, suggesting that systematic follow-up studies are required to identify the effect of various bottom-up and top-down factors.
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in happiness research, many of which focused on the psychological variables that are associated with happiness. However, there is a dearth of research conducted in Korea that focused on ecological factors to explain happiness. In light of this background, the present study considered region as an important factor that predicts individual differences in happiness and investigated the level of happiness in 17 regions in Korea. We used the data collected by social media from 1,039,426 respondents, which amounted to 2,261,667 responses in total. The large size of the present data allowed us to overcome the limitation of previous studies. Moreover, the "Annyeong Index" used in the current data encompassed multiple aspects of happiness that complement the happiness measure used in previous studies. Considering the multi-level structure of the data, we used hierarchical linear modeling and found that the level of happiness differed by 17 regions in Korea.
Abstract
Online surveys are widely used not only in general survey research but also in organizational research, such as customer and employee surveys, due to the ease of implementation and the considerations of cost-effectiveness compared to conventional paper-pencil surveys. There has been much research devoted to showing the negative impact of careless responding on subsequent data analysis and to evaluating statistical methods for detecting the careless respondents embedded in the data collected via online surveys. However, it would be fair to say that there has been a paucity of empirical research evaluating the effectiveness of a preventive measure against careless responding that would operate during the data collection phase of online survey. In this study, inspired by the objective self-awareness theory in social psychology, we proposed a simple but novel method of inserting a mirror-image in the background of each online survey page as a preventive measure of careless responding to the survey items. We collected data under three different conditions of control(standard instructions only), warning(standard instructions plus warnings against careless responding), and the mirror-image condition. Statistical properties of several existing indicators developed for detecting various types of careless respondents were compared among the three conditions. Our results suggested that the simple mirror-image method tended to reduce the careless responding more effectively than the warning and control condition. We concluded by discussing implications and limitations of our study.
Abstract
The present study explored the Ambiguous Loss experience of the North Korean (NK) defectors and its relations to their adjustment to the South Korean society. We also aimed to identify external and internal factors that may affect this process, and propose a theoretical framework and potential directions to promote NK defectors’ adaptation. An Ambiguous Loss, defined as an unclear loss in view of paradox between physical and psychological presence or absence, is characteristic of NK defectors’ psychological experience because their families are assumed to be alive in North Korea but not for sure, which implies that the loved one may be psychologically present but physically absent. For this study, interviews were administered for 11 participants who have remaining families in NK, and the data gathered from the interviews were analyzed based on the grounded theory approach(Strauss and Corbin, 1990; 1999). Findings indicated that the process may be summarized as 128 concepts, 39 subcategories, and 19 categories. We presented ‘Living with Ambiguous Loss by Recognizing Coexistence’ as a core category that may encompass all concepts observed. The limitations and implications of the current study are discussed.