Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-067X
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Vol.40 No.1
Abstract
The current study aimed to replicate pre-test and preliminary instruction effects on jury instruction comprehension and verify whether the reason for the positive effect of pre-test was by random response change or by true knowledge change. The feedback effect of preliminary instruction right after the pre-test and the relationship between the understanding of judicial instruction and lay verdict were also examined. The data from 213 undergraduate students were analyzed. They were randomly assigned to the five experimental groups (pre-test only, pre-instruction only, pre-test & pre-instruction, feedback after pre-test, and control). The effects of pre-test and preliminary instruction on comprehension of jury instruction were partially replicated. The odds of response change from the wrong answer to the right answer were higher than those of random response change. The possibility of response change into the right answer, which implied actual knowledge change, was higher in conditions including pre-test than without pre-test. The possibility was also higher in feedback after pre-test condition than pre-test & pre-instruction condition without the direction for using the pre-instruction (no feedback). These results indicate that pre-test with feedback could lead lay knowledge of judicial instruction to the right understanding of it. In logistic regression, the lay verdict was significantly predicted by the understanding of ‘intention to murder.’ In discussion, the author suggested how to modify jury instruction and the necessity of developing a method to improve jurors’ comprehension of judicial instruction based on prior lay-belief about the instruction.
Abstract
As studies examining the effects of mindfulness expand, new scales that measure mindfulness have also been frequently developed. Nowadays, there are approximately 20 mindfulness scales. In this study, we examined 16 Korean and English scales that assess mindfulness in adults. We began by examining the concept of mindfulness, its components, and the theoretical background of each aspect measured. The psychometric properties of the scales were then compared, including internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and total explanatory variation. Next, we compared in detail the characteristic used by each scale (i.e., state or trait), as well as their methods of analysis, samples, survey methods, and measurable objects. During the fourth step, we described in detail what should be considered when using each scale. In the last step, we suggest the development of a new mindfulness scale that could remedy the limitations of the 16 scales evaluated in the following areas: characteristic, analysis method, sample, survey method, and measurable object. Lastly, implications and future directions are discussed.
Abstract
The understanding and meaning of text arise from the construction of multiple levels of representation. It is well-documented in particular that the processes at the level of textbase, the propositional representation of the semantic content of the text, undergo age-related declines. To alleviate this difficulty in older adults, it has been suggested that greater effort be allocated to textbase processes, such as conceptual integration at major syntactic (major noun phrases, clauses) and sentence boundaries (known as “wrap-up”), as a compensatory reading strategy. The present study examines age-related differences in the patterns of attention allocation during Korean sentence processing as well as in sentence comprehension and recall performance. Sixty younger and sixty-one older adults read two-sentence passages covering various topics for subsequent comprehension and recall. Clause-by-clause reading times were measured, and the reading times were decomposed from index attentional allocation to word- and textbase-level processes using regression analysis. The results were as follows: First, older adults showed greater allocation of attention to the word-level processes for orthographic decoding and lexical access than did younger adults; in the textbase-level processes, both age groups were more likely to wrap up at an intrasentence boundary when reading for recall than for comprehension. However, older adults showed reduced wrap-up at the sentence boundary than younger adults did; additionally, unlike younger adults, who disproportionately increased the resources they allocated to sentence wrap-up when reading for recall than for comprehension, older adults did not show any such difference between reading conditions. Second, older adults demonstrated lower levels of comprehension and recall, especially recall performance, than younger adults. Third, resources allocated to the intrasentence boundary wrap-up were positively associated with sentence comprehension in older adults, and resources allocated to wrap-up at the intrasentence and sentence boundary were positively associated with sentence recall in both younger and older adults. These results suggest that older and younger adults exhibit different patterns of resource allocation during sentence processing, and that pausing frequently within sentences for conceptual integration plays a beneficial role in sentence comprehension and recall for older adults.
Abstract
We have conducted two studies to confirm Koreans’ perceptions of ethical judgment of Autonomous Vehicles(AVs). Based on prior studies that examined people’s ethical standards on the accident situation of AVs, we wanted to find out whether the low support for utilitarian decision of AVs, and for sparing young lives, which were presented as characteristics of the Eastern culture in prior research were also seen in Korean samples (Study 1), and whether the ethical judgment on AVs depends on the perspectives: driver and observer (Study 2). In Study 1, we examined the ethical judgment of Koreans based on the two conditions number of people and age conditions and verified the subjective difficulties of the accompanying choices. In Study 2, we ascertained whether ethical judgment, subjective difficulties in choice, and assessment of accident responsibility vary depending on the difference in perspective between observers and drivers. Results in Study 1 provided that the participants made a decision to save more lives and young lives. Considering both the number of people and the age, overall, the tendency to judge by applying the number of people criteria preferentially rather than the age standard was confirmed. Study 2 showed significant differences in ethical judgments based on perspectives. Pedestrian priority was significantly higher shown in the observers group who had nothing to do with the accidents. Drivers group reported more subjective difficulties in making decisions. When asked who was responsible for the accidents, participants answered that the manufacturer was the most responsible regardless of the point of view, followed by the driver. On the other hand, they answered that pedestrians were least responsible.