Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
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ISSN : 1229-067X
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Vol.33 No.4
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the short-term effect of attendance order for sex offender and domestic assailant by analyzing their re-offending rate after attendance order. The targets were 380 sex offenders and 110 domestic assailants who fulfilled each attendance order sentenced by court in 2010(treatment group) and 196 sex offenders and 110 domestic assailants who were imposed probation and/or community service order without attendance order(comparison group). Survival test was performed after the homogeneity on age, education and number of crimes of sexual or domestic assaults between the treatment group and the comparison group was proved. The recidivism rate of sex crimes did not show significant difference between the treatment group and the comparison group. The re-offense rate of the treatment group was significantly lower than the comparison group for both the sexual offense and domestic assault. The survival function also revealed significant difference between the test groups. The recidivism rate of family assailants did not show significant difference between the treatment group and the comparison group. However, the number of re-offenses showed significant difference between the two groups. The survival function also revealed significant difference between the test groups. The implication of these results was discussed and the direction for future studies to improve the attendance order was suggested.
Abstract
While the amount of research on bullying in schools has markedly increased in Korea and internationally, relatively little attention has been paid to its conceptualization and assessment practice. This study was to provide a systematic review on current issues in the conceptualization and self-report assessment of bullying with implications and future directions for research and practice. Recent domestic and international research publications were critically reviewed and three major issues (i.e., core components, subtypes and terminology) in the current conceptualization of bullying were identified and discussed, followed by self-report measurement/assessment issues in terms of the operationalization of core components and subtypes, single- vs. multiple-item approaches, contextual and procedural factors, response characteristics, and shared method variance. Implications and future directions for self-report assessment practice of bullying were derived and fully discussed especially for researchers and practitioners in Korea.
Abstract
It has been known that testosterone in utero is involved in structural and functional organization of the brain and has permanent effects on later behavior. The same hormone that affects early brain development also contributes to the establishment of finger length patterns. 2D:4D is a proxy biomarker of prenatal testosterone level, as low 2D:4D reflects high testosterone relative to estrogen, and a sexually dimorphic trait, as males tend to have lower 2D:4D than females. The aim of this review is to provide the physiological evidence that 2D:4D ratio can be used as a putative biomarker of prenatal testosterone levels and to give supporting evidence. In addition, this study examined the relationships between 2D:4D and sex-hormone-mediated traits (psychological, physical, and behavioral traits). Atypical levels of prenatal testosterone may be the cause of atypical behaviors and can be a possible indicator of a breakdown of developmental homeostatis, which may predispose individuals to certain diseases. 2D:4D was also associated with body shape and size, handgrip strength, and physical prowess. Therefore, 2D:4D is likely to be indirect biological indicator of prenatal testosterone levels that can be used to examine the effects of prenatal testosterone on various behaviors.
Abstract
It is well known that extreme stress or continually elevated glucocorticoid levels induce functional deficit and volume reduction in the hippocampus. However, it remains unknown whether stress induces the asymmetry of the hippocampus. To explore the effect of stress on the functional asymmetry of the hippocampus, we investigated an association between basal cortisol levels and the hippocampal asymmetry in the regional cerebral glucose metabolism in 44 right-handed normal elderly female participants (mean age 69.16 ± 4.6). Participants underwent [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose PET scanning during resting state and were assessed basal salivary cortisol levels during daytime. In order to investigate the association between stress related-hippocampal asymmetry and cognitive functions, we compared high-asymmetry group and low-asymmetry group with performance of the Korean-Dementia Rating Scale(K-DRS). We found that diurnal cortisol range was positively correlated with the degree of asymmetry of hippocampal glucose metabolic rates. Also, the K-DRS scores were lower than in the high-asymmetry group than those in the low-asymmetry group. These results suggests that stress may disrupt the bilateral balance in the hippocampal function, which may accelerate cognitive aging.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to develop a scale measuring emotion regulation strategies of adolescents on the basis of qualitative investigation into adolescents’ real life. In-depth interviews with 14 adolescents were performed including middle and high school, male and female, and psychosocially adaptive and maladaptive students. 118 concepts of emotion regulation strategies were formulated and then 70 preliminary items were extracted through qualitative analysis of the interviews. The emotion regulation strategy scale for adolescents with 25 items and 8 factors was constructed using exploratory factor analysis of the data of 256 middle and high school students. The 8 factors were named ‘social withdrawal’, ‘hopeful thinking’, ‘seeking communication and support’, ‘interpersonal aggressive behavior’, ‘rumination and worry’, ‘diversion’, ‘isolated aggression’, and ‘positive thinking and behavior’. The reliability of this scale was favorable (Chronbach α=.745). Regarding cross-validity test, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the data of 270 middle and high school students, showing favorable fitness indexes of RMSEA .049 and CFI. 90. This study has implications in that it enlightens emotion regulation strategies specific for adolescents; ‘social withdrawal’, ‘hopeful thinking’, and ‘interpersonal aggressive behavior’ which have been overlooked in emotion regulation scales for adults.
Abstract
This study reviews recent findings of brain plasticity in late adulthood, focusing on compensation hypotheses of cognitive aging. By clarifying the extent and characteristics of brain plasticity in the aging brain, this study re-evaluates current interventions for age-related cognitive decline. The models of compensatory plasticity in the aging brain, such as brain/cognitive reserve, posterior-anterior shift in aging (PASA), hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults (HAROLD), and load-shift theory, are discussed. Based on these accounts, current interventions for cognitive aging are re-assessed for their roles in preserving cognitive functions in late adulthood. Rehabilitations that are intended to offset adverse effects of neurological aging should be conducted in accordance with the direction of compensatory adjustments in the aging brain, reducing the cost derived from the overconsumption of compensatory resources.
Abstract
This comprehensive review aimed to introduce 1) the latest concept and research findings on negative symptoms of schizophrenia, 2) existing negative symptom assessment tools, and 3) psycho-social approaches to negative symptoms including cognitive therapy, behavior therapy, motivational interviewing and medications. Based on the latest concept of negative symptoms, motivational theories and learning principles outlined in this paper, a novel psychosocial treatment model (i.e., activation of behavior and motivation for negative symptoms, ABM-NS) was proposed. Finally, we presented data from a feasibility and preliminary efficacy trial. The results indicated that the ABM-NS appeared acceptable to individuals with schizophrenia with negative symptoms, with minimal dropouts and high levels of therapy adherence. Implications and future research directions were discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was, using a meta-analysis, to estimate effect sizes(ESs) of mindfulness-based intervention(MBI), particularly mindfulness-based stress reduction(MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy(MBCT) for depression and anxiety symptoms. In this analysis, several moderators possibly related to the ESs were also explored and tested. The moderators examined here included publication year, facilitators of MBI, number of sessions, participants' gender and age, clinical vs. nonclinical samples, type of study(treatment and control groups vs. treatment group only), experimental designs(random assignment vs. quasi-experiment), type of MBI, type of control group, and type of symptoms(depression vs. anxiety). Meta-analysis was performed using 29 studies on depressive symptoms and 31 studies on anxiety symptoms, published in domestic journals till December, 2013. Results showed that MBI was largely effective for treating depression and anxiety symptoms. For depressive symptoms, MBI's ESs were relatively stable across various study characteristics, with the exception that recent studies reported smaller values of ES. In case of anxiety symptoms, studies using both genders demonstrated larger values of ES than those using only female samples, and MBCT showed larger values than MBSR. In addition, the number of MBI's sessions was positively related to ES. However, other study characteristics we tested were not related. Because of the possibility of publication bias in our meta-analyses, the estimated ESs were corrected using Trim and Fill method. However, the corrected values can be still interpreted as moderate to large, indicating that MBI is an effective intervention for improving depression and anxiety symptoms of Korean clients.
Abstract
Identifying an individual’s standing on estimated quantile growth curves including lower 10 percentile and upper 10 percentile growth curve, for example, is one way to describe individual differences in developmental process of psychological characteristics. The present study introduced two different approaches for quantile logistic growth curve estimation, i.e., two-step nonlinear regression model and quantile regression model with transformation. An application of the two procedures was illustrated using a real data example of the word understanding test scores obtained from 563 infants. The quantile regression model performed better than the two-step nonlinear regression model in estimation of quantile growth curves. Quantile regression model did not show rank-reversed estimated quantile scores but the two-step nonlinear regression method did. In addition, the former also showed higher accuracy in classification proportion than the latter. It was discussed why we need to use more elaborated statistical models to estimate quantile growth curves.