Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
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ISSN : 1229-067X
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Vol.38 No.3
Abstract
We traced the root of behavioral measurement and assessment in Korean history in an attempt to locate where we are in the context of history and modern development of the field. We discovered that the balance between judgmental assessment and objective assessment has continuously moved from “judgmental” to “objective”, which is consistent with the developmental trajectory of the field in the western world. Through searching books, articles, and conference proceedings, we could build statistics about the modern development of the field and academic performance of scholars. We reviewed evaluation practices for the referral, recommendation, and selection of government posts in Korean history and found evidence of judgmental and objective assessment throughout the Old Chosun, three Kingdoms, Unified Silla, Koryo, and Chosun dynasties. Through the dramatic development in the last decade of 20C we have demonstrated tremendous achievement in the subdomain of instruments and assessment, and the subdomain of theory of measurement and testing. As a result we see more than 400 companies doing business in the field of psychological/social survey. Also we are close to witnessing the advent of testing industry in the nation. Lastly we raise some questions or point out some problems in current assessment practices in an attempt to pursue the next milestone on the route to full blooming days of behavioral measurement and assessment in Korea.
Abstract
Educational donation programs provided by college students have been proposed as a novel compensatory education that can help adolescents to prepare for the contemporary society. However, there are not many empirical studies that examined the effectiveness of donation program on adolescents’ development. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether participating in educational donation programs has beneficial impacts on adolescents’ ability development and emotional stability. Participants were middle school students who participated in educational donation programs that took place weekdays or weekends. Participants completed questionnaires twice, before and after the programs, which included measures assessing intrinsic motivation for study, problem solving ability, interpersonal skills, self-control, career identity, and affect. A control group who did not participate in the program was also included in the study. Repeated t-tests among the participation students revealed that post-scores were higher than pre-scores in both abilities and affect. In addition, the results of ANCOVA showed significant effects of the program on the abilities and affect after controlling for the pre-scores. The importance and necessity of providing educational donation programs are discussed based on the findings.
Abstract
Baron and Kenny (1986) first proposed the term mediated moderation, to explore how and why the moderation effect occurs. Most researchers believe that Baron and Kenny (1986)’s model is the only mediated moderation method for analysis. In fact, there are three types of mediated moderation models (Type I, II and III) that have each been adopted as most appropriate in various research areas of behavioral science. However, few are aware of existence of these three types and their distinctive conceptual and statistical definitions. Additionally, to date there has been no source that provides an integrated introduction of the methodological, statistical analyses to three types of mediated moderation model. It is our intention in this manuscript to provide a comprehensive, accessible framework by which researchers examining mediated moderation models can effectively choose a valid conceptual model and statistical testing procedures. We first, define each of three types of the mediated moderation model based on the differences between their conceptual and statistical models and provide examples of each. Second, we discuss how the three types were derived from a single concept of mediated moderation model via the approach of Baron and Kenny (1986). Third, we describe the analytic procedure by examining each mediated moderation model based on a statistical significance testing approach with a real example, accompanied by a regression-based software, PROCESS (version 3.1).
Abstract
The murder crime scene related to spousal insurance is often mistaken for casual accident death, so it is easier to look at it as a natural death scene rather than a murder crime. As the spousal insurance related murder is a planned and long-term crime unlike other murder, it is necessary to establish a protection plan for the victim by comprehensively understanding the characteristics of the motive and crime stages rather than the crime scene. From this point of view, this study attempted to classified the types of homicide offenders based on the characteristics of the crime motive and crime stage in the case of spousal insurance homicide. The purpose of this study is to find out the type that is suitable for Korean murder criminals related to spousal insurance. Secondly, it is to analyze trends of characteristics of crimes and types of criminals. For this purpose, we conducted homogeneity analysis(HOMALS) on 108 characteristic variables after we’d collected media reports, investigative agency press releases and criminal judgment sentences of 51 cases accused of homicide criminals related to spousal insurance in Korea from 2000 to 2017. As a result, Korean homicide criminals related to spousal insurance were classified into three different types according to their motive and crime stage characteristics: affair, predator, and poverty. In the affair type, the crime mainly was disguised as a hit-and-run traffic accident and both of them having an affair were related to the crime. The predator type offender mainly disguised the crime as an accident after the offender’d poisoned the victim. The victim was selected for the marriage and insurance application as the victim was socially weak. The offender from the poverty type mainly killed both the spouse and children after frustrated from the financial difficulties for daily living. Among the crime types, the predator type increased while the affair type decreased. It is important to pay attention to the risk of predator type increasing for the prevention of crime related to the spouse insurance. The perpetrator searches for the victim like hunting and kills the victim for the insurance death benefits and property after fake marriage. Based on these findings, future research directions for predators were suggested.
Abstract
Target rotation is one of the rotation criteria of factor analysis, which is designed to rotate the pattern matrix to a partially targeted matrix in advance. The factor analysis with targe rotation is different from the traditional exploratory factor analysis in that a priori substantive theory can be reflected to the factor analytic model. The purpose of the present study is to introduce the factor analysis with target rotation and to explore applicability of target rotation in practical situations, especially in the scale development. To achieve this goal, we explore the historical development and the mathematical principles of the two factor analysis methods, traditional exploratory factor analysis vs. factor analysis with target rotation, and compare the performances of the two methods. 211 participants from a pilot study of developing a creativity scale were used for comparing the pattern matrix solutions of each method. The results showed that the solution of the pattern matrix from the target rotation had a simpler structure and better construability than the traditional factor rotation method when data had complex underlying structure and large inter-construct correlations.
Abstract
Anticipating the affective consequences of their decisions are important for people's behaviors, yet the accuracy of affective forecasting and affective recall tend to be not great. The present study focused on the impact of trait anxiety as a source of individual differences on the biases of affective forecasting and recall. Two weeks before the midterm exam, 106 college students were asked to predict positive and negative feelings that they anticipated to experience during the midterm exams. The trait anxiety and depression were also measured during the Time 1. On the midterm exam day, the participants reported the affects they were experiencing (Time 2). Two weeks after the exam (Time 3), the participants were asked to recall the affects they reported during the Time 1. Finally, two weeks after the Time 3, the participants were requested to recall the affects they reported during the Time 2 (Time 4). Results indicated that the participants showed the impact bias in the affective forecasting and recall of affective forecasting, only in regard to positive affects. On the other hand, trait anxiety was related to the impact biases in both positive and negative affects. This tendency was generally found even the impact of depression was statistically controlled. The implications of present results to the nature of affective forecasting and the psychotherapy for anxiety were discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this standardization study was to develop the Korean-norm of the Korean-Stress Index for Parents of Adolescents(K-SIPA). For the development of K-SIPA, the Stress Index for Parents of Adolescents(SIPA) was translated by 3-step translation process, and the final items of K-SIPA were completed through consultation from experts and parents of adolescents. 942 parents of adolescents (age range: 11 to 19) answered health-related questionnaire, K-SIPA, Parental Confidence Questionnaire for child and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey(SF-36). After 2-4 weeks, parents who agreed to participate in the retest answered K-SIPA for the second time, and answered Korean-Child Behavior Checklist for ages 6-18(K-CBCL 6-18), Patient Health Questionnaire 9(PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7(GAD-7). Three-way ANOVA was conducted to examine possible influence of demographic variables of gender, age, and parent gender on K-SIPA score. To verify the internal reliability of K-SIPA, cronbach’s alpha index were calculated for each domain, subscale, and the total score. Test-retest reliability were calculated to verify the test-retest reliability. Discriminant validity was verified by analyzing differences in the K-SIPA score between parents of adolescents with mental disorder and parents of typically developing adolescents. For the verification of concurrent validity, correlation analysis between K-SIPA and other measures, and differential analysis in parental confidence according to the level of K-SIPA score were conducted. Convergent validity was confirmed by correlation analysis between each domain, subscale, and the total score. Finally, to identify the factor structure of K-SIPA on the basis of the structure of SIPA, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted. The result of the current standardization study confirmed that K-SIPA was psychometrically reliable and valid measurement. The implication and limitations of this study were discussed.
Abstract
The current study investigated whether the difference in power can influence people’s social decision-making, specifically when trying to consider the other’s intentions. Participants in power were told that they could decide the distribution ratio of additional reward at the end of the experiment, whereas other participants were told that they just had to accept the opponent’s decision. Participants in the control condition were informed that they would receive an equal additional reward to the opponent. Participants played a prisoner’s dilemma game with a computer that was pre-programmed to betray the participants, which participants believed to be another participant’s doing. Emojis (joyful, neutral, or regretful) as emotional expressions were exchanged at the end of every round. The computer showed frank facial expressions with their action (e.g., a joyful face after winning more points) or camouflaged facial expressions (e.g., a regretful face after winning more points). We found that participants in the control condition were less cooperative in the frank expression conditions than in the camouflaged expression conditions. However, participants did not show any difference between both conditions, regardless of the power condition. After the dilemma game, participants in the control condition gave less reward to the opponent expressed betrayal intention, whereas participants in power or not did not give different reward to the opponent. Rather, participants who were in power gave less reward compared to those not in power. These results suggested that people tend to be insensitive to the other’s emotional expression when they were situated in a power relationship, but rather acted according to their own status of power.
Abstract
Previous research in cultural psychology shows that the expression of negative emotions, in particular, anger tends to be socially regulated in collectivistic cultures(e.g., Korea) than in individualistic cultures(e.g., the US) as anger can be detrimental to social harmony. However, an emerging stream of literature suggests that Koreans are allowed to express anger in certain situations. Building on this line of literature, the authors reasoned that Koreans would express anger in response to social unfairness more than Americans because Koreans become increasingly interested in social justice these days. Consistent with the reasoning, Korean participants expressed more anger than did their American counterparts after reading two hypothetical vignettes describing unfairness. Also, the cultural difference in anger expression was mediated by how much they experienced unfairness in their daily life and also by how important they believed it was to improve social justice. Furthermore, the results in one out of two scenarios showed that the cultural difference in anger expression was closely linked to the corresponding differences in how important they believed it would be to improve social justice as well as how willing they would be to fight against unfairness. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings were discussed.