Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-067X
Vol.27 No.2
Abstract
Analysis of cultural psychology of mind reveals significant cultural differences in the folk meaning of mind. In English, mind is viewed as various mental faculties enabling thinking and perception. This view justifies the development of modern psychology which investigates those faculties as such. In Korean, mind (maum) is viewed as the master of all the mental faculties. This latter view justifies the development of Shimhag which emphasizes the control of mind. Based on the cultural psychology of mind, we propose a model of two mental chambers which operate in every individual across cultures. In the chamber of thing, people approach the experience as if they are handling things. They view things and events as logical, objective, analytical, mechanistic and deterministic; they act like an impartial observer, On the other hand, in the chamber of maum, people become the first person experiencer; they take holistic, subjective, generative, relational, phenomenological perspective. Modern psychology takes mental phenomena largely from the thing perspective and set aside the maum perspective as unscientific. We present why the understanding of maum chamber is necessary for modern psychology and how it can be approached in psychology. This view presents a whole new area of research in the narrow field of cultural emotion and in the broader area of psychology. The study of maum chamber indicates how the local mind is inextricably linked to the global mind.
Abstract
Until recently, a number of research in color categorization has been tried to find out the relationship between language and thought, i.e., whether language influence color categorization. Nevertheless, there are two different theoretical positions which are confronting each other; one is linguistic relativity insisting that color categories are likely to vary as a function of cultural and linguistic differences and the other is linguistic universalism maintaining that color categorization is common at every language regardless of the number of basic color names and color categories being used. Recently, some cognitive neuropsychological research have also been tried to examine the relationship between the performance or eye movement in visual search task and hemispheric activation. In this paper, recent trends of color categorization study related to the issue were reviewed and particularly some recent findings which confirmed the relationship between color categorization and the hemispheric asymmetry of language processing by using visual search task and comparing the color category effects in right and left visual field were discussed from the linguistic relativist perspective.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to review preceding researches on the terms and definitions of suicide-related behaviors and to introduce the nomenclature and classification for suicidology. We hope it could enhance the clarity in communication among researchers, clinicians, and therapists who work with suicidal person, and improve studies on suicide in Korea. The terms in the suicidal researches are used without clear definition. The term such as ‘Suicide Attempt’ can be used as different meaning among study participants. The complexity, variability, and multi-dimensionality of suicide require the nomenclature and classification of suicide-related behaviors which are able to specify the subtype of suicide and to include all the suicide-related behaviors. We investigated the definitions of suicide-related behaviors, the nomenclature and classification of suicidology and suggested Korean terms. We also present advantages of the Silverman et al. nomenclatures and classification(2007) and our comments.
Abstract
Evolutionary principles suggest that there will be differences in the nature of altruism directed toward kin vs. non-kin; humans preferentially provide the low-cost help to non-kin who had helped them, but the high-cost help to close relations. The present study sought to explore these differences. Participants were 178 5-year-olds, 11-year-olds and adults. Participants were asked to whom they would provide the high-cost help and low-cost help. Five-year-olds preferentially provided both the low- and high-cost helps to the helper who had helped them in the past, demonstrating the importance of reciprocity for helping behavior. Eleven-year-olds and adults preferentially provided the low-cost helps to the past helper just like 5-year-olds. However, they provided the high-cost help to siblings even though they had not helped them, suggesting the impotance of close relation for the high-cost helping behavior. The present results suggest that the nature of altruism changes during developmental course.
Abstract
he purpose of this study was to test the moderating effect of field independence-dependence cognitive style in relation among college students' extraversion, neuroticism and psychological well-being. The results of this study were as follows: First, the factors of personality, extroversion and neuroticism were significantly related to psychological well-being. Second, the factors of personality, extroversion and neuroticism were significantly related to field independence-dependence cognitive style. Field dependence group scored higher extroversion and neuroticism. Third, field independence-dependence cognitive style was significantly related to psychological well-being. Field independence group scored higher psychological well-being. Fourth, it was proved that field independence-dependence cognitive style exerted as moderating variable among extraversion, neuroticism and psychological well-being. The implications of this study were investigated variables regarding psychological well-being to help college students. Based on the finding results, discussion and implication for further research were suggested.
Abstract
Two hypotheses of sex difference in risk perception of genetically engineered food and medicine - a gender role and an institution trust hypothesis - were evaluated in the present psychometric study using a student sample(N=519). The gender role hypothesis that emphasizes differences in social roles proposes that the female care takers should feel strong risk perception because they are sensitive to risks. The institution trust hypothesis explains gender differences in risk perception by differences in the trust in risk management systems and/or institutions. The present study replicated the finding that the female participants had stronger risk perception of genetically engineered food and medicines than did the male participants. No sex differences were found in the knowledge and fear dimension regarding the risk perception of genetic engineering. Though the female and male participants did not show any difference in their trust in the risk managements systems, a clear sex difference was observed in the fear response. A regression analysis demonstrated that a fear variable did indeed predict the strength of risk perception whereas a trust variable did not. Furthermore, the finding that the fear variable was the strongest predictor for the female participants also supports the gender role hypothesis while rejecting the institution trust hypothesis.
Abstract
This study examined four questions. First, what kind of view do Korean adults have about the children's traits? Second, do adults' beliefs of children's traits have conceptual coherence? Third, can adults' beliefs about children's trait vary depending on the types of traits? Last, do adults' beliefs about positive and negative traits of children differ from each other? One hundred-two Korean mothers participated in Study 1, and one hundred-two Korean college students participated in Study 2. The results indicated that there was no significant differences between Korean mothers and college students in their views about the essence of children's traits. Overall, the results showed that Korean adults have incremental views about children's traits: they believe the children's traits are changeable and affected by the environment. This research is an initial attempt to investigate the nature of Korean adults' beliefs about children's traits. The results will provide a foundation for future studies on the development of beliefs about traits, and the origins of Korean parenting styles.
Abstract
This study investigated the task performance of individuals with primary psychopathic and secondary psychopathic tendencies. The tasks have been known as sensitive to amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) functioning. Group with Psychopathic tendencies(n=23) and control gruop(n=23) were defined by Levenson's self-report psychopathy(LSRP)[Levenson et al., 1995]. In addition, individuals with primary(n=12) and secondary(n=11) psychopathic tendencies were divided by Welsh Anxiety Scale(WAS) [Welsh et al., 1956]. They completed a IOWA gambling task(Bechara et al., 1994) and the intradimensional/extradimensional (ID/ED) shift task, (Dias et al., 1996) which are related to amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) functioning. On the gambling task, all participants with psychopathic tendencies showed a global tendency to choose in a disadvantageous way. Specifically, they showed an impaired learning ability over the course of the task. On the ID/ED task, the number of error in response reversal stages of individuals with primary psychopathic tendencies was not significantly different from a control group, but significant impairments were found in individuals with secondary psychopathic tendencies. In conclusion, individuals with primary psychopathic tendencies show amygdala dysfunction, but individuals with secondary psychopathic tendencies are lack of OFC.
Abstract
Psychiatric vocational rehabilitation has assumed close relation between psychiatric symptoms and work performance that psychiatric symptoms negatively affect work performance but successful work performance reversely relieve psychiatric symptoms. According to the assumption, psychiatric symptoms and work performance are supposed to covary. Previous study results, however, are mixed and the review studies dealing with this issue conclude that if they are related, their strengths are generally meager. These findings suggest the existence of potential moderators that may change either the direction or the strength of bivariate relationship. Although many variables were suggested as potential moderators by researchers, few studies empirically addressed them to explain conflicting findings, To test if job accommodations moderate the negative effect of psychiatric symptoms on work performance, present study surveyd 218 employees with psychiatric disabilities and 60 mental health professionals who completed questionnaires of (positive or negative) psychiatric symptoms, work performance, or job accommodation. The results showed that the moderating effect was limited only to the relation between negative symptom and competitive work performance, not to the relation between positive symptoms and (both competitive and sheltered) work performance. That is, better job accommodation relieves the more negative impact of negative symptoms on competitive work performance. Among three factors of job accommodations, did interpersonal support and structured work condition, but not job support, have clearly moderating effects. These findings suggest that job accommodations, especially interpersonal support and structured work condition, are important for job maintenance of competitively employed clients
Abstract
The aims of this study is to investigate the risk levels of alcohol use, the association between these risk levels and workplace environment and the factors related to alcohol abuse among employees. A cross-sectional survey of 1,117 workers employed in Seoul, Incheon, and Kyonggi-do was conducted. Based on the AUDIT, alcohol problem among workers are as follows; hazardous drinking group is 33.57%, harmful use is 10.47%, and alcohol dependence is 11.73%. Gender, position in workplace, size of corporation were significantly associated with employees' risk levels of alcohol use. Workplace factors, in particular drinking norms in workplace and after work dining with alcohol, were significantly associated with alcohol problems. The best logit model for alcohol abuse group is consisted of gender, age, dining with alcohol, which will explain 67.7% of possibility of belong to the alcohol abuse group. These results suggest that the workplace has the potential as a strategic setting for alcohol related problem prevention, especially gender and frequency of gathering with alcohol should be the primary concern. The AUDIT has been used primarily to find risky group cases and an appropriate intervention is discussed with each risky group.
Abstract
Linville(1985) had suggested to have various non-redundant self-aspect for improving psychological well-being through the model of self-complexity. For helping recovery from various psychological symptoms through structure of self-concept or changes of methods organization, we have to know cognitive mechanism operating at its bottom. However, this model fails to explain about the mechanism. On one hand, in researches on the field of attitude, Lee, Soo-Won and Shin, Hyun-Sook (1986) had revealed that evaluative dimension and descriptive dimension exist according to differentiation level and had said that qualitative difference of these attitude structures is cognitive mechanism conciliating vulnerability of stress accidents. In this study, we have investigated whether self-control adjusts or not self-attitude dimension structure and psychological well-being by applying models of McConnell et. al (2005) who had insisted to consider self-control as mediate variables adjusting complexity and psychological well-being. As the result, while for people who's self-attitude dimension structure is evaluation dimension, self-control did not adjust psychological well-being, people of description dimension, self-control could adjust psychological well-being. This implies that people of description dimension, who have dual structure, can help their psychological well-being when they recognize highly the possibility of control against their self-aspects.
Abstract
This study investigated the relation of the obsessive compulsive(OC) symptoms and the level of conscious and unconscious anger experiences in Obsessive compulsive disorder(OCD) patients, with depressive patients as the control group. The MMPI-II was used to assess conscious anger experience, and the Rorschach Test was used to assess unconscious anger experience. Results indicated that the OC symptoms were associated with both conscious/unconscious anger experience, even controlling for the depressive symptoms. When controlling negative affect, the association between the OC symptoms and the unconscious anger experience showed no significance, but association between the OC symptoms and the conscious anger experience remained significant. The unconscious anger experience of the depressive patients were parallel to the OCD patients, but OCD patients seemed to report more conscious anger experience than the depressive patients. Thus, OCD patients may experience high level of conscious and unconscious anger, and more likely to experience conscious anger than the depressive patients. In addition, conscious anger seemed to impact the distressfulness of the OC symptoms in OCD patients.
Abstract
This research aimed to investigate moderating effects of mothers’ parenting behaviors on the relationship between temperament of clinical preschoolers and their dysfunctional emotion regulation. Especially, externalizing disorders, internalizing disorders, and externalizing and internalizing co-occuring disorders were separately analyzed to examine the psychological mechanism of dysfunctioanl emotion regulation. The subjects were 73 preschoolers(aged 4 1/2-6 years old) who were diagnosed with 25 externalizing disorders, 28 internalizing disorders, 20 co-occuring disorders and their mothers. Preschoolers' temperament was assessed by mothers using K-JTCI(Oh, & Min, 2007). Mothers' parenting behaviors were observed during mother-preschooler interactions at a laboratory and analyzed using P-CIPA(Mash & Terdal, 1981). Preschoolers' dysfunctional emotion regulations were measured by MacArthur Story-Stem Battery Emotion Regulation Scale(Fonagy & Target, 2000). Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, ANOVA, partial correlations, and hierarchical regressions. The results of this study were as follows; The subjects having both externalizing and internalizing behavior disorders showed higher failure-of-regulation than other psychopathological subjects. As mothers of preschoolers with externalizing behavior disorders were less sensitive․reactive, preschoolers' novelty seeking temperament was positively associated with their dysfunctional emotion regulation. As mothers of preschoolers with internalizing behavior disorders were more intrusive, preschoolers' harm avoidant temperament was positively associated with their dysfunctional emotion regulation. As mothers of preschoolers with co-occuring behavior disorders were less affective, preschoolers' reward dependent was negatively associated with their dysfunctional emotion regulation.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to test cinematherapy program effectiveness. For these purposes, the outcome of cinematherapy compared with general group counselling(traditional group counseling form) and control group. The participants of this study are 92 clients who are suffering in interpersonal relationship. KIIP(Korean Inventory of Interpersonal Problems) were administered three times, right after the 8 sessions, one month later, and two month later. It was found that KIIP mean scores of the cinematherapy group significantly lowered than control group in coldness, social repression, non assertiveness, exploitableness, over nurturance, need for social approval, lack of sociability after the program applied. The results imply that cinematherapy group sessions are effective in reducing cold emotion and client's inner repression and kept open mind and got some useful social skills. It can be noted that during therapy process cinematherapy can help the clients to increase emotional awareness and insight, the ability of empathy and feel intimacy in group members and understand other people. However, it is suggested that cautious generalization is recommended, as a systematic series of empirical investigations should be undertaken to utilize more effective cinematherapy practices for various subjects.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether sociotropy and social anxiety have influence upon binge eating and furthermore reinforce those behaviors by means of cognitive distortion. A total of 484 single women(361college student, 123 career women) were enrolled and asked to complete the self-reported questionnaires which included Bulimia Test Revised, Korea-Social Avoidance and Distress Scale, Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale, and the Mizes Anorectic Cognition Scale. First of all, we classified the subjects into the binge eating or control group based on the score of Bulimia Test Revised, and then analyzed the demographic characteristics between the two groups. There were no meaningful differences in the age and the height between the groups. However, the binge eating group was shown to be heavier in the body weight and higher in the body mass index (BMI) compared to the control group, which was statistically significant. Second, the step-wise multifactorial regression analysis demonstrated that both sociotropy and social anxiety were closely associated with binge-eating at the level of significance of p-value. Third, cognitive distortion was found to function as a mediator to link sociotropy, social anxiety, and physical characteristics including height and weight with a tendency toward binge eating.In summary, this study showed that the more women sticked to weight loss, depended on interpersonal relationship, and were sensitive to denial or appraisal by the others, the more they were apt to binge eating. And these characteristics aggravated binge eating by means of cognitive distortion on eating, body shape, and weight. Therefore, this study suggests that in order to control binge eating, not only an emotional approach to decrease sociotropy and social anxiety but also a multidisciplinary approach including interpersonal relationship training, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and social skill development program should be needed.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the number and types of rules needed to solve the Raven's progressive Test on the degree of item difficulty. The effects of rule types and rule number were examined separately using two experiments. In Exp. 1, 33 participants experienced all 4 rules. These 4 rules were 2 Verbal-analytic rules (i.e., Row in constant rule and Quantitative progression rule) and 2 Visuo-spatial rules (i.e., Rotation and Reverse). The verbal-analytic rules were known as more complicated than the Visuo-spatial rules. The results showed that item difficulty of Row in constant rule was higher than visuo-spatial rules. In addition, we found that the item difficulties of the Quantitative progression rule and the Rotation rule were not significantly different. In Exp. 2, we manipulated number and type of rules (i.e., 1 easy rule vs. 1 difficult rule vs. 2 easy rules vs. 2 difficult rules) using 23 participants. The Exp. 2 showed the following results: 1) It took more time to solve problems which have 2 rules than 1 rule. 2) The interaction effect of number and type of rules was significant. That is, when only one rule was applied, it took more time to solve problems with difficult rule than easy rule, but no significant difference was found when two rules were applied. The implication of the results was discussed.