Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
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ISSN : 1229-067X
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Vol.33 No.2
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to define four emotion types (i.e., cerebral, hot, cool, overwhelmed) by their emotional clarity and emotional intensity. In addition, we examined the effect of emotion types on eating behaviors and ego-resilience. Total of 425 Korean college students participated in this study. The results were as follows. While the emotional intensity was positively related to emotional and external eating behavior, the relationship between emotional clarity on eating behavior was influenced by the level of emotional intensity. Second, emotion types of Korean college students were classified into four types by their levels of emotional clarity and emotional intensity. Eating behaviors and eating types were significantly related to the emotion types. Third, ego-resilience was significantly related to emotion types. Specifically, individuals of cerebral type demonstrated the highest scores on ego-resilience followed by those of hot and cool types placed in the middle. Individuals of overwhelmed type demonstrated the lowest scores on ego-resilience. The limitations of this study and suggestions for future studies were discussed.
Abstract
This study reviewed recent studies on sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and empathized the importance of future follow up studies on SCT. Recent empirical evidence showed SCT symptoms were distinct from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and could be considered multidimensional. SCT is associated with academic impairment and psychological functioning including internalizing symptoms, social withdrawal, and academic impairment, and, possibly, neuropsychological difficulties, even after ADHD inattention problems were controlled. The recent findings suggested that SCT was an important symptom in understanding attentional problems, distinct from ADHD, and, in turn, suggested the need for future studies.
Abstract
This study posits that achievement goal endorsement is likely to be stable to some degree, but it is also likely to exhibit change across time. A longitudinal state-trait approach was utilized in the present study to examine the stability of achievement goal orientation. With a sample of 5,847 eighth graders followed over 3 years, the present study used a latent trait-state-occasion(TSO) model(Cole, Martin, & Steiger, 2005) to isolate the trait and state components. Results showed that TSO model was the best representation for achievement goals, validating that the achievement goal measures included both state and trait components. Over three years, the percentages of variance explained by the state component (60~70%) were greater than that explained by the trait component(30~40%) across four goals; State components were higher than trait components across all types of achievement goals. The portion of the variance attributed to the occasion-specific variable was higher in both mastery-avoidance and performance- voidance goals than mastery-approach goals. Regardless of mastery or performance goal, avoidance goals are more reactive to the situation, whereas mastery-approach goals are more similar to enduring disposition in their expression of stability. The implications of the present findings are discussed.
Abstract
The present study examined what traumatic events Palestinians living in Gaza Strip(N=270) have experienced and how those experiences are associated with psychological disorders(i.e., PTSD, anxiety, depression, somatization, hostility, life-satisfaction) by using the data obtained from February to May 2013. The results showed that 93.0% of the participants experienced at leat one traumatic event, and many had traumatic experiences such as property loss, close family members' death, tear gas attacks, and night raids. Second, among 270 participants, 53.5% reported PTSD, 58.1% anxiety, and 57.4% depression. Third, traumatic experiences were significantly associated with PTSD, somatization, and hostility. Lastly, the implications and limitations of the results were discussed.
Abstract
This study is to develop and validate the Elderly Couple Conflict Scale(ECCS) to measure the elderly's conflicts with spouse as elderly's primary personal relationships. For this purpose, 48 initial items of ECCS was administrated to 443 elderly people who were over 60 years old with other scales involved in Couple Relationship Satisfaction Scale, Elderly Couple Relationship Characteristics, Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale(PGCMS), and Korean Happiness Index. The results of exploratory analysis were that ECCS was composed of 32 items, 6 factors(regard/concern lack, forceful attitude, intemperance/disloyalty behaviors to family, neglect/alienation, housework discontent, other family issues). The internal reliabilities of each factors were .68∼.93. ECCS showed negative correlations with Couple Relationship Satisfaction Scale, Elderly Couple Relationship Characteristics, PGCMS, and Korean Happiness Index to suggest satisfactory discriminant validity. Then, to finding the strong factors among sub-factors of ECCS to predict couple relationship satisfaction, PGCMS and Korean Happiness Index, we implemented stepwise regression analysis. In male elderly, The strongest predictors of couple relationship satisfaction were regard/concern lack, in female elderly, regard/concern lack and housework discontent. The strongest predictors of PGCMS and Korean Happiness Index were neglect/alienation, other family issues in male elderly, regard/concern lack, forceful attitude, family issues in female elderly.
Abstract
Although previous studies have investigated the dissociation approach of different types of motives, exploring the reasons behind the dissociation between implicit and explicit motives for aggression are still lacking. The present study reviews different (social) cognitions that influence implicit (Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression, CRT-A) and explicit measures of aggression (Aggression Questionnaire, AQ). The CRT-A assesses individuals’ aggressive tendencies through an inductive reasoning process that uses an individual’s implicit motives, selective attention, and confirming biases, whereas, the self-reported measures of aggression investigate aggressiveness through a decision making process based on implicit comparison and self-perception. Furthermore, this review suggests possible antecedents of implicit and explicit aggression, such as low versus unstable self-esteem, and social exclusion versus social learning. The implications and future direction of the implicit and explicit measures of personality are also discussed.
Abstract
The association between meaning in life and mental health outcomes was examined with meta-analysis across 38 studies (N=13,961) published from 1996 to 2013 in Korea. The mental health outcome variables were categorized as negative measures of anxiety and depression and positive measures of subjective and psychological well-being according to Hackney & Sanders(2003). The average effect size(r) between meaning in life and positive measures was 0.499, indicating the greater the meaning in life is strongly associated with higher levels of subjective and psychological well-being. Specifically, the association between meaning in life and positive measures differed in age groups, indicating the strongest association was found in adult group and the weakest one in elderly group. Moreover, meaning in life was more strongly associated with psychological well-being than with subjective well-being. The average effect size(r) between meaning in life and negative measures was insignificant(r=-.152).
Abstract
Altruism requires representing and valuing others' welfare. In the present study, we designed the Altruistic Learning task (AL task) to measure individual differences in valuing another person's welfare and examined its relationship with dispositional empathy (Experiment 1) as well as ingroup bias/parochial altruism (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, participants performed the AL task in which they made choices between a pair of stimuli with different reward probabilities (30% vs. 70%) to reduce the amount of stress for themselves or their peer participants. The task consisted of three within-subject conditions (i.e. SELF, BOTH, and OTHER conditions) where different types of outcome (i.e. points for self, for both, and for other) were associated with three different pairs of stimuli. The amount of value that each participant attached to a given outcome can be measured with the frequency of choosing the higher reward probability option (HRP option). The results showed that participants who scored higher in personal distress and empathic concern measured by IRI (Davis, 1983) were more likely to choose the HRP option in the BOTH and OTHER conditions, indicating the role of emotional empathy iin the process of valuing other-regarding outcomes. In Experiment 2, we employed the minimal group paradigm (Tajfel, 1970) and compared choices for an ingroup member with those for an outgroup member in the AL task. We employed the same experimental design as the Experiment 1, except for having INGROUP and OUTGROUP conditions, instead of previous BOTH and OTHER conditions. The choice frequency for the HRP option was higher in the SELF and INGROUP conditions than the OUTGROUP condition, indicating ingroup bias of the participants in valuing welfare of others. Our findings demonstrated that the AL task can be a useful and valid measure of individual differences in altruism.
Abstract
A model with a third variable that has both mediation and moderation effects, i.e., the moderating mediator model, can be used to determine whether the third variable has mediation effect, moderation effect, or both in a causal relationship between two variables. Because this model is analyzed base on a moderation model, nonessential collinearity between the third variable and the interaction term may increase the standard error of estimation for the second path of the mediation effect and the increased standard error generates underestimation of statistical significance of mediation effect over and beyond the moderation effect of the third variable. Although researchers may use mean-centering on the predictor and the third variable to decrease the collinearity, degree of the decrease depends on the bivariate normality of the explanatory variables. The current study investigated how much nonessential collinearity and standard error of the estimation for the second path of the mediation effect increased as the amount of deviation from bivariate normality of the explanatory variables increased by manipulating skewness of the third variable. We found that high skewness of the third variable produced substantial amount of nonessential collinearity even with mean-centered variables, which negatively influenced on the estimation of the mediation effect in the moderating mediator model. We also found that increase in sample size attenuated the negative effects. The results suggest that a large number of samples are required in applications of the moderating mediator model with a highly skewed third variable.
Abstract
In practical applications of any statistical modeling, including structural equation modeling(SEM), virtually every data set contains missing values. It is a well known fact that improper handling of missing data can exert harmful impact on subsequent statistical inferences in a variety of ways to varying degrees. In the context of SEM, the full information maximum likelihood(FIML) has been arguably the most popular method for addressing missing data. Despite of being yet less widely known to majority of applied researchers as flexible alternatives to FIML, multiple imputation (MI) procedures and Bayesian approaches have recently begun to emerge as viable solutions among many applied researchers. An important objective of this article is to introduce these methods to applied researchers in an accessible manner using SEM as the context. Structural equation modeling actually involves the process of proposing, estimating, and evaluating the researcher’s hypothesis that is believed to be underlying and purported in generating the observed data. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the overall goodness-of-fit of the posited model in any given application. FIML, MI and Bayesian approaches, respectively, yield the chi-square, , , and the posterior predictive modeling checking (PPMC) p-value as statistical tools for the assessment of data-model fit. Another important objective of this article is to study performance of these model evaluation tools in the context of SEM. Further, relative performance of these data-model fit assessment tools is to be evaluated with respect to their Type I error rates and power. The performance of these assessment tools, except the chi-square statistics, has never been evaluated nor been compared within the context of SEM. The initial results provided in the present article is believed to not only enhance the knowledge base regarding the characteristics of these assessment tools under missing data, but also provide an initial guideline for the proper use of these assessment tools in the real-world data analysis especially in the application of SEM with missing data.