Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
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ISSN : 1229-067X
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Vol.31 No.1
Abstract
Present study investigated the measurement invariance of Canadian Problem Gambling Index(CPGI) in terms of conceptual structure and psychometric properties across male and female groups. Results showed configural invariance(equivalence of conceptual structure), partial metric invariance(6 out of 9 items), and scalar invariance(6 items with metric invariance). The results suggest that intergroup comparison can be conducted between male and female groups and factor mean differences can be interpreted meaningfully. However, several problems were revealed by looking into detailed features of CPGI. Firstly, noninvariance was found in the factor loadings of items 5, 6, and 7 to which special attention should be paid in adapting the scale to a Korean version. Also attention should be given to the very small size of factor variance in both male(.024) and female(.007) groups. Although the two values of variance were statistically significant, they are not practically meaningful. CPGI seems unable to discriminate the general public to an extent which has been expected from the perspective of public health.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate about the effect of perfectionism of facial expression interpretation and memory according to the situations of success or failure. Groups are divided into three; non-perfectionism group(n=30), self-oriented perfectionism group(n=30) and social-prescribed perfectionism group(n=30). Subjects of each group were randomly assigned to the success or failure treatment conditions. After that, we examined how they interpret ambiguous facial expression after performance feedbacks are given. Also we examined whether there was difference of recognition between positive facial expression and negative facial expression that they interpreted. As a result, in self-oriented perfectionism group, there was no interpretation bias or memory bias found when they got success feedback, and there was only negative interpretation bias found when they got failure feedback in comparison to non- perfectionism group. In social-prescribed perfectionism group, however, there were negative interpretation bias and negative memory bias regardless of success or failure feedback since they tend to distort every feedback in negative way. This result indicated that self-oriented perfectionist and social-prescribed perfectionist’s patterns which cause cognitive bias are different. Thus such differences affect perfectionist’s adaptation differently.
Abstract
With the recent rapid rise in the number of female immigrants by marriage, there has been an associated increase in the occurrences and awareness of the problems these women face, as well as the provisions of multi-cultural counseling in many social welfare centers or other such facilities. However, despite their growing importance, there has been little interest paid to the counseling experiences of these female immigrants by marriage and even less research has taken place. This study aims to improve the understanding of the counseling experiences of female immigrants by marriage. To this end, in-depth interviews, followed by a phenomenological analysis was conducted on five female immigrants by marriage in order to determine their counseling experiences and its meanings. The analysis reveal 18 themes and 6 categories: “Wanting to change: find ways to get along well with husband, want to raise their children well”, “Awareness: understanding of husband, understanding of children's mind, self reflection”, “Efforts to Change: changing self, changing approach to children”, “Finding a place to form attachment: Own home, realistic decision making, no boundaries”, “Change and Limitations: changing images, incomplete internalization, burden of doing it alone, responsive techniques”, “New Expectations: Opportunities to learn for the children, opportunities to work, as someone who is the closest”. Lastly, based on the research results, recommendations on improving the counseling programs for female immigrants by marriage are provided.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine whether schizotypal personality trait in normal individuals were related to cognitive and affective empathy. Undergraduates (N=608) were screened using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), and those with high schizotypy (N=69) and those with low schizotypy (N=80) were contacted to participate in this study. Thirty-one individuals with high schizotypy and 31 with low schizotypy were agreed to participate in the full assessment. All participants completed the Faux Pas Task, experimental tool that assess the ability of cognitive empathy and the Interpersonal Reactive Index (IRI), self-reported scale that assess both cognitive and affective empathy. Also current verbal IQ was assessed using the Vocabulary test in K-WAIS and Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report was used to evaluate social functioning. The results showed that individuals with high schizotypy reported lower social adjustment than the control group while verbal IQ was not significantly different between groups. Also individuals with high schizotypy showed significantly lower scores on the Perspective taking scale and higher scores on the Fantasy scale and the Personal distress scale in the IRI. However, there was no significant group difference in performance of ToM task. The implications and limitations of this study were discussed.
Abstract
The present study examined the mediating mechanism for the effect of mindfulness on the psychological well-being. The imagination awareness and the decentering were hypothesized to play the role of mediators. Participants were 276 college students of both sexes. They were asked to complete a questionnaire which contained measures of mindfulness, imagination awareness, decentering, and psychological well-being. Following the test of mediational effects by Baron & Kenny (1986), we performed several sets of hierarchial multiple regression analysis. Each of the two factors of imagination awareness and decentering was shown to be a partial mediator between mindfulness and psychological well -being. The two factors were shown to play multiple mediators when put into the equation simultaneously. The significance of this study is that the study examined firstly the mediational process of the mindfulness leading to the psychological well-being. The two mediators of imagination awareness and decentering are needed to be focused on to increase positive effects of mindfulness training on the psychological well-being.
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate cognitive bias of depressed patients on negative information in the emotional stroop task. Also by diversifying word presenting conditions and stimulus duration, this research pursued in which condition depressed patients show cognitive bias most likely. The subjects of this study were 13 depressed patients and 13 healthy control participants. In the emotional stroop task, after all the participants were tested pre-exercise session, they performed both supraliminal and subliminal condition session. The results were as follows; firstly, there were significant differences in reaction times between depressed patients group and heathy control group in both conditions: supraliminal and subliminal. Depressed patients reacted more slowly than control group in all words condition, especially to negative words. Secondly, there were significant differences in reaction times between groups in every condition when negative words were presented to them. Finally, the depressed patient also showed slow response when the negative words presented were delayed to show up in supraliminal condition, but there were no differences in the condition of subliminal.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of trait anxiety and defensiveness and the time-course of attentional biases about emotional stimulus. 389 undergraduate students took pre-experimental test consisting of STAI-T and SDS, and four different groups were selected based on the test scores. They were low anxiety(n=14), repressor(n=14), high anxiety(n=14), and defensive-high anxiety group(n=13). We used Posner's spatial cueing task to study the attentional bias for emotional stimulus. Three different types of stimulus(aversive, neutral and pleasant pictures) were selected from IAPS so that they have different affective ratings but similar arousal level. The emotional valence of the pictures affected response times at 300ms SOA only, not at 960ms SOA. Low anxiety, high anxiety, and defensive high anxiety group showed attentional avoidance of threat at 300ms SOA. Also, high anxiety, defensive high anxiety group showed attentional avoidance of pleasure. But, repressor group did not show attentional bias according to emotional value. Based on these results, implications and limitations are discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine validity and reliability of a Korean version of the Differential Emotions Scale-IV (DES-IV, Izard, Libero, Putnam, & Haynes, 1993). The DES-IV is a self-report questionnaire measuring twelve discrete emotions of joy, enjoyment, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, fear, guilt, shame, shyness, and hostility inward. A total of 867 undergraduates in Korea participated in the study. Participants completed a set of questionnaires including the Korean version of the DES-IV, Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Big Five Inventory (BFI), and Symptom Cheklist-90- Revision (SCL-90-R). All twelve emotion factors showed adequate internal consistency, item-total correlations, and test-retest reliability over a week period. In particular, shame, shyness, and hostility inward showed robust temporal stability. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the twelve factor structure of the DES-IV when all factors were correlated each other. The DES-IV factors were adequately related to the positive emotion and negative emotion factors of the PANAS, supporting good convergent and discriminant validity. Finally, differential relationships between emotions and Big Five personality factors, as well as emotions and psychopathology were examined. In conclusion, the DES-IV is a valid measure of twelve discrete emotions in a Korean population.
Abstract
Impulsivity and compulsivity are key features in many psychological problems or disorders. By researchers who suggest diagnostic criteria of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder(OCSD) and dimensional model of impulsivity and compulsivity, relationships between impulsivity and compulsivity have been studied extensively, and the discussion over validity of OCSD diagnosis is also in progress. In this article, we are to review the concepts of impulsivity and compulsivity, which described in existing documents, which as shown in distinct psychological disorders, and with which related theoretical models and experimental researches. Then we also try to clarify their definitions and relationships. As the conclusion of review through documents and researches, we suggest that, the concepts have differences and common features as well, and partly due to their common features, there also come out confusions and mixtures of the concepts. And as suggested in dimensional model of impulsivity and compulsivity, we could identify some shared mechanisms and similar features of two concepts, also in psychoanalytical approach, cognitive science approach, neurophysiological researches, and neuropsychological researches. Finally we discuss about the definitions, discrimination, and measurement of impulsivity and compulsivity, and suggest future research directions.
Abstract
Most people recover from traumatic experience, however, some develop posttrauma symptoms such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). One of characteristics of PTSD is that the posttrauma symptoms are closely related to the memory of the traumatic incident. Recent empirical studies have suggested that the characteristics of autobiographical trauma memory is associated with posttraumatic stress disorder, including how the survivors remember or retrieve their experience, how the memory details are well-connected with one another, and how well organized or fragmented such autobiographical trauma memories are. However the evidences so far have been unclear and inconsistent in conceptualizing the mechanisms of how trauma memories operate. The present study reviews both the empirical and the theoretical research on autobiographical trauma memory of PTSD. We also present the notions of micro-organization and macro-organizations of trauma memory in explaining the inconsistent findings from previous research. Future research directions and clinical implications are discussed as well.
Abstract
Metacognition, 'cognition of cognition', is one of the most important factor in learning. In this study, we aim to examine the influence of cognitive ability, conscientiousness of Big5 traits, and metacognition which means how one accurately evaluates oneself on transfer of learning. Participants answered questions regarding their trait and cognitive ability, and performed the visual discrimination task. The task consisted of 8 blocks of training session and 8 blocks of transfer session. In 5th block of training session, the task was designed for participants to experience change of difficulty during training session so that their accuracy of self-assessment becomes inaccurate. The differences between participants' anticipated scores and real performance scores of 6th block were used as indicators of metacognitive error. Results show that cognitive ability and conscientiousness are not significant predictors of transfer learning performance, but only metacognitive ability positively predicts the performance. The authors concluded that the metacognitive ability is the most important variable in predicting the learning and transfer of learning regardless of task difficulties. Such findings imply the vital role of metacognition in learning.
Abstract
The present study examined the reliability and validity of the Korean Internal Entrapment Scale (K-IES) and Korean External Entrapment Scale (K-EES) developed by Gilbert and Allan(1998). Four hundred and one university students who agreed to take part in this study completed the K-IES and K-EES along with other psychometric measures. The results showed that the Cronbach alpha for the K-IES was .89 and Cronbach alpha for the K-EES was .92, indicating good internal consistencies. Exploratory factor analyses revealed that a single factor structure best fit the K-IES and K-EES, respectively. Each factor accounted for 59.56% of the variance on the K-IES and 51.02% of the variance on the K-EES. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a satisfactory construct validity by showing good factor loadings and squared multiple correlations of each item of the K-IES and K-EES. Fit indices also showed the goodness-of-fit for each model of the K-IES and K-EES. The K-IES and K-EES were significantly correlated with self-criticism, internalized shame, depression, positive affect, negative affect, life satisfaction, and suicidal ideation which supported the convergent and concurrent validity. The K-IES and K-EES maintained a strong association with depression, positive affect and negative affect and life satisfaction, even after controlling for self-criticism and internalized shame. In addition, the K-IES and K-EES added substantially to the explained variance of depression, positive affect, negative affect, life satisfaction and suicidal ideation after controlling for the self-criticism and internalised shame, which supported incremental validity. The current findings suggest that the K-IES and K-EES are a reliable and valid instrument to assess entrapment. limitations of the current study, and future directions for this research were discussed.