Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-067X
Vol.26 No.2
Abstract
To examine and search for an alternative to the classical Cartesian conceptual foundations of the concept of 'mind' in psychology, the recent theoretical movements of 'extended mind' in philosophy of psychology, psychology, and other related fields were reviewed with a positive appraisal. After discussing that human mind has coevolved with soft and hard artifacts, and that mental phenomena emerge from an interacting nexus of brain, body, and world (including artifacts), it was proposed that the current psychological and cognitive science enterprise of reformulating the concept of 'mind' should take into account of the roles artifacts play in this nexus. It was also discussed that this kind of reformulation of the concept of mind has some far reaching implications for the future of psychology by extending the scopes and extent of psychology in the applied fields.
Abstract
Theory of mind (ToM) refers to the knowledge about the mind that we have mental states―such as intention, desire and belief―and our mental states cause our action is recognized as theory of mind. A person with theory of mind comes to read people’s actions in terms of their mental states, that is, mindreading. In this review, we summarize recent work that has illuminated the neural bases of mindreading. Lesion studies has suggested that damage to brain areas such as right hemisphere, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala were correlated with ToM deficits. Neuroimaging studies of normal adults have consistently demonstrated the importance of particular brain regions for ToM, the superior temporal sulcus (STS), temporal pole (TP) and the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). Findings from brain imaging and lesion studies indicate that ToM ability is supported by a widely distributed neural system. The theoretical importance of ToM for everyday life requires further studies in more various populations.
Abstract
Psychology has continued to formulate and refine a variety of paradigms for providing solutions to the questions of mind. Cognitive and neurological approaches emerged as new techniques and technologies became available. Such paradigms have been necessary to develop the proper methodology for psychological investigation, even as these newly developed methods raise fresh questions concomitant to their answers. Surveyed critically, all of them could not be free from the traditional metaphysics founded in a dichotomy between subject and object, like the current scientific trends. So, it is required that the alternative paradigms of psychology be founded on differing assumptions on the relationship of mind, body and their environment. Given the subject-object dichotomy, constructivist and cognitive approaches tended towards the subjective extremes, but behaviorism and the neurological approaches were just biased to the objective ones. To overcome the dichotic bias, the third entity may be postulated that shares the subject and the object. The new attempt was observed in the ecological approach, Kih might be conceptualized in psychology as a new paradigm. According to the ancient Asian understanding of Kih, it could be defined not as belonging to the subject and the object, but as sharing both extremes. Conceptually, the Kih model provides a high level of refinement in analyzing the relationship between subject and object, the relationship between stimulus and response, the coordination between perception and motion, and other physiological mechanisms. The current experiments showed that Kih affected perceptual changes. The Kih model will hopefully shed light on psychology.
Abstract
The present research examined whether preschoolers can infer others’ dispositions in explicit reasoning tasks. Children watched two types of events in which a circle, a triangle and a square interacted. In one, either the triangle or square helped the circle climb a hill. In the other, the other agent hindered the circle from climbing the hill. After watching the events, children were asked (1) to predict which agent the circle would approach in a novel context and (2) to infer which agent was nice or bad. The children had to provide either verbal or gestural responses to the questions. The results showed that 2.5-year-olds but not younger children could predict the circle’s preference-based action. When inferring the agents’ traits, only 3.5-year-olds succeeded in the task; They did so even when the helping agent’s action did not lead to the achievement of the circle’s goal. The results are discussed in terms of the distinction between the implicit and explicit levels of knowledge of others’ dispositions.
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine a interaction effect between attachment styles and sex differences on jealousy and evoked distress by jealousy in romantic relationship. In this study, we replicated the Evolved Jealousy Mechanism (EJM) that men will be more upset and distressed by partner's sexual infidelity, whereas women will be more upset and distressed by emotional infidelity, and then examined the moderating effects of attachment styles on within-sex differences. To test this purpose, 189 university students (82 males and 107 females) were asked to complete the questionnaires and two-way ANOVAs were used. As a result, we replicated the EJM and demonstrated a significant interaction effect between attachment styles and sex differences on jealousy and evoked distress by jealousy, but only among men. Consequently, men with an anxious attachment style were more jealous and distressed by partner's emotional infidelity than those with secure style. The most important finding in the present study was that attachment styles would be moderators of within-sex differences in jealousy and evoked distress by jealousy.
Abstract
This study examined the longitudinal effect of infants' gender on early vocabulary acquisition. More than 290 mothers of toddlers completed a vocabulary checklist(Pae, 2002) at 18, 24 , and 30 months. The results showed that always girls had more vocabularies from 18 to 30 months. Secondly, the gender differences became bigger especially from 24 months in predicates, closed class items, and words for times. Finally, for both boys and girls, nouns were the most influencing word category for all the word categories in the next stage. However, vocabularies for routines had a lasting influence until 24 months only for boys. The results suggest that infants' gender might be a very important variable to consider in language research.
Abstract
This study examined whether marital satisfaction mediates the effect of different types of self-construal integration on marital stability. It hypothesized that married people with both high independent and high interdependent self-construals would experience higher marital satisfaction that, in turn, contributes to marital stability. Data were drawn from a self-administered questionnaire study in which 489 married people (aged 25-75) residing in Seoul participated. As expected, those who held both independent and interdependent self-contruals highly showed both higher marital satisfaction and higher marital stability than those with high independent and low interdependent self-construals and those with both low independent and low interdependent self-construals. Moreover, after controlling for gender, age, level of education, health, and perceived financial difficulty, hierarchical regression analyses showed that effects of these different types of self-construal integration on marital stability were almost completely mediated by marital satisfaction. The data fully supported the hypothesis, and suggest that holding both independent and interdependent self-construals highly would contribute to marital outcome in a positive manner.
Abstract
This study compared 149 US and 168 South Korea supervisees’ perceptions of the clinical supervision relationship to find out the cultural differences between two countries. Specifically, the relations among the three elements of the supervisory working alliance (emotional bond, agreement on goals, and agreement on tasks) with role difficulties and supervision satisfaction were examined. A few differences in clinical supervision were observed between the two countries. The correlations between the three supervisory working alliance elements and satisfaction with supervision were stronger for US than South Korea supervisees. The supervisory working alliance was significantly related to role difficulties and supervision satisfaction in both countries. Implications for theory, research, and practice were discussed.
Abstract
In the present study it was tested that stress and repetitive thought may mediate sequentially among evaluative concerns perfectionism, anxiety, and depression. In Study 1, five hundred twenty five undergraduate students completed the following questionnaires: the Multidemensional Perfectionism Scale, the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised, the Revised Life Stress Scale for College Students, the Daily Hassles Scale, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, the Worry Domains Questionnaire, the Impact of Event Scale, the Ruminative Response Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory. The results of structural equation models showed that stress and repetitive thought mediate the relationship among evaluative concerns perfectionism, anxiety, and depression. The fitness of the proposed model was appropriate. In other words, the participants with higher levels of evaluative concerns perfectionism experienced higher levels of stress and repetitive thought. Consequently, anxiety and depression were induced. Study 2 examined whether the mediation model of Study 1 might be cross-validated with data from 207 undergraduate students. The model of Study 1 was replicated. On the basis of these results, it was confirmed that evaluative concerns perfectionism’s influence on anxiety and depression through the mediation of stress and repetitive thought. The significance and limitations of this study were discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of present study is to examine the time－course of attentional biases(the one of cognitive characteristics of high－anxious individuals) in highly anxious individuals. A modified version of the probe detection task was used to investigate the time course of attentional bias for emotional words in high and low socially anxious individuals. Word pairs were presented two exposure durations, 500 and 1250msec, in order to investigate the characteristics of attentional bias in anxiety. There was evidence of an attentional bias favouring initial vigilance towards social threat words and subsequent avoidance of all emotional words in high socially anxious individuals. In contrast, low socially anxious individuals did not exhibit an attentional preference. Finally, individuals with high anxiety show an attentional bias for their anxiety relevant to threat stimuli(selectively attend to threatening material that is specifically relevant to their anxiety.). If they are exposed with people at the same situation, they will show more detection and awareness than the people. It means that their arousal is elevated. Besides, these attentional bias presents avoidance response in long time. The Avoidance response increases anxiety rather than safety individual from threat stimuli. These findings suggest that socially anxious individuals are likely to use maladjustive strategies which lead to avoidance not only of threat stimuli but also of non－threat stimuli.
Abstract
Three studies were performed to elaborate and validate the concept of experiential avoidance(EA). In the study 1, we classified three types of avoidant responses - concealing, distancing and behavioral avoidance, and measured depression, paranoid traits, and self-esteem in a sample of 905 university students. Among three types of avoidant responses, behavioral avoidance had highest correlation with maladjustment indexes. In study 2 using 169 university student sample, we tested which type of avoidance is most related with experiential avoidance(EA). Experiential avoidance showed correlation with behavioral avoidance, but not with concealing or distancing. Study 3 was scheduled to overcome the limitation of study 2, which is about single time measuring of concealing and distancing score. Study 3 examined the relationship between experiential avoidance and repetitive use of concealing and distancing. Through mood diary written by 42 university students, we measured the repetitiveness. The finding of study 3 was that there is positive correlation between experiential avoidance and repetitive distancing, but not between experiential avoidance and repetitive concealing. The significance and limitation of this study was discussed, and follow-up study suggested.
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to examine the moderator effects of trait meta-mood on the relation between Han and subjective emotion (positive and negative). The Subjective Happiness Scale, the BDI (Beck Depression Index), the TMMS (Trait Meta-Mood Scale), the Han Questionnaire and the IES (Impact of Event Scale) were administerd to 191 university students (male 76, female 115). The results showed that the Clarity among the TMMS subscales exerted significant moderator effects on the relation between Han and subjective emotion (depression and happiness). These results suggest that mere experience of Han does not necessarily cause individuals to be more depressive than others who do not have Han experience. In the similar context, the absence of Han-provoking life events does not guarantee a life happier than that of those who have experienced Han. However, no significant moderator effect was detected for the Attention and the Repair. The relationship between the level of emotional clarity and the psychological significance of Han experience was discussed.
Abstract
The current study investigated whether individuals with a repressive coping style would differ in their ability to strategically control unwanted memories from nonrepressors within the think/no－think (TNT) paradigm. Results revealed that unlike repressors who exhibited successful memory inhibition regardless of the valence of to－be－suppressed materials, nonrepressors were less successful at suppressing negative memories. Most importantly, however, these group differences were found to be solely due to the effect of trait anxiety rather than interaction of trait anxiety and defensiveness (i.e., repressive coping per se). Individuals with low trait anxiety were better at suppressing negative memories than individuals with high trait anxiety. There also existed individual differences in self-initiated thought control strategies in that individuals with high trait anxiety reported more use of negative avoidance strategy than their counterparts and this strategy was negatively correlated with suppression success. Suggesting it is trait anxiety that matters when strategically control negative memories, the present study provides insight for understanding the voluntary control mechanism of unwanted memories in repressive and nonrepressive copers.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to generate a substantial theory about Shinmyeong experience. This study was executed by applying the grounded theory based on Strauss and Corbin(1998). Open-ended questionnaire survey was conducted to 220 participants and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 participants. The qualitative data were analyzed with the open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Three types of Shinmyeong experiences assumed by theoretical study were demonstrated and their categories were extracted by open coding. The structures of their categories were concretized by axial coding and selective coding. The causal condition was 'Recognition of self(or group) worth', the contextual condition was 'Negative perception of past self(or group)', the phenomena were 'Primary pleasure' and ’secondary pleasure', the intervening condition was ’sharing pleasure(co-experience)', the action/interaction was 'Radiating the self(or gourp) worth', and the consequence was ’sense of freedom', 'Acquirement of positive feelings' and so on. According to the results, Shinmyeong experience consists of three phases; pleasure from recognition(or expression) of one’s self-worth, sharing the feeling with other people, and radiating negative feeling through expressive behaviors.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to measure tendencies of internet addiction in privates class of Korean armed forces and to develop a measuring scale of it. For these purposes, first, we surveyed privates (N=454) who were sampled from a couple of Army infantry divisions to develop sample items of the internet addition scale. Second, pilot survey(N=900) was conducted to explore factor structure of the collected 134 items through the first survey. Finally, main survey data was collected from 1,905 privates of Korean Army, Navy, and Air Force. Final scale, i.e., 'Diagnostic Scale of Internet Addition Tendencies in Military Private Class', has sixty-one items and is consisted with three sections. The first section has twenty items which were mostly adopted from Lee et al.'s (2005) scale and measures personal history of network addition before being enlisted. The second part has thirty-three items and measures psychological vulnerability of a person to internet addiction such as loneliness, self-efficacy, and self-control. The final section which consists of eight items measures substitutive behaviors and desires which related to internet addiction. Based on self-inventory scores on the scale, we classified privates into three groups: risky, latent, and normal groups. The scale will be useful in diagnosing current state of military privates who had been addicted to internet usage and contribute to prevent malignant accidents which may be caused by privates who were addicted to internet usage.
Abstract
To develop a Korean version of Objectified Body Consciousness Scales(McKinley and Hyde, 1996) which can be adapted to Korean college students regardless of gender, two studies were performed. Total number of respondents were 431(125 female college students in study 1 and 158 female and 148 male students in study 2). The 3 factor structure of the Korean version(K-OBCS) - surveillance, shame, and control belief - was the same as the original version. But, further confirmatory fator analysis results showed that 2 factor structure of surveillance and shame was better than the 3 factor structure in which control belief was included. The level of reliability coefficients of Surveillance scale and Shame scale were acceptable, and those two scales showed negative correlations with body-esteem, self-esteem, and subjective well-being. They had significant predictive power to the intentions of body-related consumptions such as diet, cosmetic surgery, and exercise as well. But, Control-Belief scale failed to show acceptable levels of reliabilities, discriminant-convergent validity, and criterion-related validity. Authors suggested that the Surveillance and Body Shame sub-scales in K-OBCS had enough psychometric qualities. Regarding the Control Belief scale, authors interpreted the concept as a kind of self-efficacy and suggested that the scale could be a useful tool for body image studies if the psychometric properties of the scale could be improved. The implications of the results were discussed in terms of gender differences in objectified body consciousness.