Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
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ISSN : 1229-067X
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Vol.29 No.3
Abstract
There have been various inconsistencies in the concept of gambling addiction and the reported rates of gambling addiction prevalence. The present study was aimed to examine the inconsistencies of the rates across cultural backgrounds, scales, and survey methods, proposing characteristics, difficulties, and issues in the gambling addiction prevalence surveying. A meta-analysis was conducted on the 36 previous studies that reported 47 gambling addiction prevalence rates in Korea and other countries. The results first revealed that DSM-IV tended to report lower rates of gambling addiction than other scales based on DSM-III and CPGI. Second, the studies that employed probability sampling methods reported higher rates than those employing nonprobability sampling methods. Third, the studies using face-to-face surveys tended to report higher rates of gambling addiction than those using phone-surveys. Fourth, the rates of Asian cultures were higher than those of Western cultures. Finally, in the comparison between Korea and other countries, Koreans' rates of gambling addiction was equivalent with other Asian countries but higher than Western countries. The findings were discussed in the implications for the natures of gambling addiction and future studies of gambling addiction prevalence.
Abstract
Memory is a very important cognitive domain in neuropsychological evaluation of aged adults, and longitudinal assessments are often recommended for objective evidence of memory decline. Since memory decline and practice effects are both often observed in test-retest memory evaluation, normative standards to determine meaningful or reliable changes in memory performance are necessary in elderly adults. We explored the factors affecting the test-retest performance of memory tests and established normative rates of change on the Elderly Memory-disorder Scale from baseline to follow-up testing among 111 neurologically normal adults aged 60 and older. The results of stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that the most powerful predictor of performance change was the initial performance level. Education, age and general intellectual functioning were also significant predictors for some test scores. Generally, a person whose baseline performance was lower improved more on the retest. After controlling for one's initial performance, a person who was better-educated, younger, or more intelligent demonstrated greater improvement in one's performance. Normative retest data are presented for two analytic techniques: the Reliable Change Index adjusted for practice (RCIp) and the Standardized Regression-Based technique (SRB). For long-term memory indices of EMS, we classified improver and decliner by using the 90% prediction intervals of RCIp and SRB. We compared the two techniques in the improved group, the declined group, and the unchanged group, and found that RCIp tended to classify low performers as improvers. These results suggest that the SRB, which factors in performance differences at baseline and demographic variables, is a more useful and unbiased method for detecting changes compared to the RCIp.
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the construct validity of the TTCT, which showed ongoing conflict regarding its dimensionality. The results can be summarized as follows. First of all, exploratory factor analysis was administered to at the level of task activities measuring creativity factors of divergent thinking. Next, a confirmatory rotation was performed to confirm whether the results obtained by exploratory factor analysis were generalizable. Therefore, total of three factor was derived; two factors representing task effect(i.e. Task 2 and Task 3), and one factor representing creativity measured by TTCT. Second, we tried to answer the long controversies have been raised continually whether TTCT is a single dimensional or multidimensional. To examine the dimensionality of TTCT, confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test the fit of one factor model, and two factor model mentioned in the extent literature, and three factor model of this study. The result shows that the construct measured by TTCT is dimensional, which is not in accord with Torrance's view. It also demonstrated that task activities in TTCT measure both cognition factor and task factor, suggesting that TTCT is a tool of measuring situated cognition.
Abstract
The type of median strip have an influence on drivers' subjective sense of speed. We have tried to figure out whether there is a difference depending on the type of median strip. And There is to have relation between human factors and a difference depending on the type of median strip. The 100 participants who had a driver license attended this study. The test conditions are forms of the concrete and guardrail and pavement markings. We used a simulation program which was developed to describe a real traffic situation. and It had three types of median strip. The participants were asked to push the button when they sense each 60km/h, 80km/h, 100km/h. And lastly, we have conducted a survey about human factors. The condition of physical facilities are faster sense of speed than pavement markings. And then the condition of guardrail are faster sense of speed than a form of concrete. The condition of guardrail had the fastest sense of speed among all condition. And There were significant differences to relation between level of human factors(lack of risk sensitivity, lack of law-abidance) and a difference depending on the type of median strip. We found out that the types of median strip have an influence on drivers' subjective sense of speed by conducting this experiment. Therefore, we conclude that designer should develop the median strip regarding to drivers' subjective sense of speed and the effect of median strip. They could make more effective safety-facilities on the road. We need to consider other factors which affect drivers` subjective sense of speed such as road environment.
Abstract
Narcissism, which is defined as overestimation of one's own importance can be classified into expressive type(overt narcissism; ON) and hidden type(covert narcissism; CN) according to the way it is revealed. This research tried to prove that these subtypes can determine the inner self structure. Among 497 off-line and on-line university students, ON group(24 students), CN group(23 students) and normal control group(26 students) were selected on the basis of narcissistic personality disorder scale and covert narcissism scale. They were required to classify their own characteristics in self-aspect test, which approached their inner structure by producing self complexity index(H), compartmentalization index(φ), subjective integration rating(the evaluation of the harmony and order among self aspects), etc.. While ON was related to greater positive self complexity, a resilience factor in emotional distress, CN showed a higher degree of negative self complexity, a aggravation factor in emotional discomfort. In other words, ON differentiated their own positive aspects and attributes diversely in organizing self structure, which reflects the grandiosity of self image they apparently present. On the other hand, covert narcissists represent their negative aspects and attributes as complex structures, which means their self image is vulnerable. The proportion of negative compartmentalization was higher in CN group than in ON and control group. Covert narcissists' self structure separated their own positiveness and negativeness, accepting negativeness as more important and substantial aspect. Furthermore, CN rated their subjective self- integration lower than ON and others. They felt their self aspects were not harmonious and orderly. In conclusion, covert narcissists are most vulnerable in diagnostic indexes of self structure. Finally, some limitations of the current study and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Abstract
The focus of this study is to examine the following questions: Do generational gap and intergenerational conflict reduce quality of life and what role does self-efficacy play? This study examines the influence of the perception of generation gap and intergenerational conflict on quality of life among adolescents and their parents and the mediating role of self-efficacy. A total of 3,114 respondents, consisting of 1,038 adolescents and their father (n=1,038) and mother (n=1,038) completed a questionnaire that included the perception of generation gap, intergenerational conflict, and quality of life developed by the present researchers and self-efficacy (Bandura, 1995). Hierarchical analysis indicate that inclusion of self-efficacy significantly increases the percentage of variance explained for quality of life, far and above the influence of the perception of generational gap and intergenerational conflict. LISREL analysis indicate that the perception of generational gap had a direct and positive influence on intergenerational conflict, which had a direct and negative influence on quality of life. The perception of generational gap had a direct and negative influence on self-efficacy, which in turn had a direct and negative influence on intergenerational conflict and a direct and positive influence on quality of life. Those respondents with less intergenerational conflict and with higher self-efficacy had higher quality of life. However, self-efficacy had a more powerful effect on quality of life than intergenerational conflict. The effect size of self-efficacy on quality of life was significantly greater than the influence of the perception of generational gap and intergenerational conflict on quality of life. The effect size of self-efficacy on quality of life was 3 to 9 times greater than that the perception of generational gap and intergenerational conflict on quality of life. A similar pattern of results were obtained for adolescent, father and mothers samples. In summary, the perception of generational gap increases intergenerational conflict, which in turn reduces quality of life. However, self-efficacy reduces intergenerational conflict and significantly increases quality of life.
Abstract
The present study was designed to explore the relationship of auditory temporal processing and early reading ability and phonological processing in 123 preschoolers who were 4 to 6 year old. Auditory temporal processing was measured by administering ‘frequency modulation(FM) detection’ and ‘auditory temporal order judgment(ATOJ)’ tasks. Also, non-verbal IQ, phonological awareness and reading accuracy were administered. The results showed that preschooler's FM detection threshold and ATOJ score were significantly correlated with reading accuracy and phonological awareness. Multiple regression analysis revealed that FM detection threshold significantly predicted reading accuracy and phonological awareness even after controlling for the effects of age and nonverbal intelligence. These results suggested that the auditory temporal processing is a contributing factor in early reading and phonological development.
Abstract
The aims of this study was to develop and validate assessment standard for determining probability of child sexual abuse. In study 1, assessment standard was developed. For this aims, 307 alleged sexual abuse cases which were composed of 2～12 years old were assigned to one of objective evidence group, objective evidence and behavior․context evidence group, behavior․context evidence group, and no-evidence group. Emotional response(congruous emotional response to statement content), statement credibility elements(quantity of details, contextual details, interactions between victim-perpetrator, unusual or specific or declare details), first disclosure type, and clinical symptom(ex. reexperience, hyper-arousal, avoidance, depression, anxiety, increased sexual behavior) were included in dependent variables. These variables were commonly used by experts to assessment the possibility of child sexual abuse. In result of group difference analysis, the groups that objective or behavior․context evidence existed were higher than no-evidence group in emotional response, statement credibility elements, and first disclosure type. Among clinical symptoms, only in acute stress reaction symptom both behavior․context evidence exist group were higher than no evidence group, and objective group was located between behavior․context group and no-evidence group. In age-inappropriate sexual behavior, objective group and no evidence group were higher than both behavior․context evidence exist group. In result of binary logistic regression for discriminant variable to evidence group versus no-evidence group, weighted model was 〔emotional response score×2 + statement credibility score + first disclosure score + subjective distress level during exposure to stimuli related to sexual abuse event×2〕for preschool age, and cutoff point was determined score 6. Weighted model was 〔emotional response score×4 + statement credibility score〕, and cutoff point was determined score 8 for school age. The aims of study 2 validated new assessment standard. For this aims, 101 alleged sexual abuse cases were classified evidence group versus no-evidence group. And the hit ratio were analysis between evidence based group classification and new assessment standard based group classification. In result, in both age group the hit ratios were more than 90%, and Kappa coefficients were relatively high. And, New assessment standard was revealed higher correct classify rate than CBCA. Consequently, new developed assessment standard for determining probability of child sexual abuse was validated. Implications of these findings were discussed.
Abstract
To get a culturally validated version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS; Cohen et al., 1983), the authors translated the PSS into Korean and conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. In study 1, exploratory factor analyses with a sample of college students (N = 312) revealed that the two-factor structure (negative perception and positive perception) best fit the data. Also, positive correlations were found between the PSS subscales and depression, anxiety, and negative affect, and negative correlations were found between the PSS scales and positive affect. In study 2, confirmatory factor analyses with a nation-wide sample of college students (N = 368) revealed that the two-factor solution was adequate. The negative perception subscale correlated more with depression, anxiety, and negative affect, while the positive perception scale correlated with positive affect. The two sub-scales negatively correlated with social support. Implications for usage of the PSS are discussed.
Abstract
The Virtue Project(VP), which has received positive resonances from many countries, was introduced to develop a Gestalt Relationship Improvement Program that would help teachers and professional counselling teachers, or volunteer counsellors, peer counsellors in their work with adolescents in the school settings, followed by explanation of the philosophical and psychological implications thereof and then the psychological theories of moral and theories of the moral development together with the moral education were explored. And then the effects and limitations of virtue education by means of the VP was discussed. The virtue concept in the light of Gestalt Therapy was reviewed and the ideas were suggested to support building virtue utilizing VP. On the basis of such research, the background of development of Mind Attitude Cards(MAC) and the method of using them were explained. Finally the results of practice of MAC were reported followed by comments.