Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-067X
Vol.31 No.4
Abstract
The present study investigated cognitive vulnerability factors that persist after recovery from the depressive episode. 33 currently depressed, 26 remitted depressed, 31 matched never depressed participants completed the self-referent encoding and incidental recall/recognition task after participating in a negative mood-induction procedure. They also completed the questionnaire about the use of rumination. We found that currently depressed participants exhibited more recall for negative words, less recall for positive words, greater rumination than never depressed participants. Meanwhile, remitted depressed participants exhibited the less recall for positive words than never depressed participants. These results suggest that biased recall of positive material is evident even after individuals have remitted from a depressive episode. Implications of these findings are discussed and directions for future research are advanced.
Abstract
The current study was conducted to compare symptoms of Complex PTSD, PTSD and level of depressive symptoms of 531 North Korean refugees on their different types of traumatic events. The refugees experienced traumatic events at least over one were 432(81.4%), and the refugees experienced traumatic events over four showed more Complex PTSD and PTSD, and depressive symptoms than never experienced traumatic events or experienced below three. In the case of types of traumatic events, the group experienced interpersonal trauma and disease had higher scores on Complex PTSD, PTSD, and depressive symptoms than no experience group. There were no difference on symptoms of Complex PTSD, PTSD, and depression level depend on their simple traumatic events. Among refugees with traumatic events, the proportions of diagnosis of Complex PTSD was 11.3%, PTSD 14.6%, and Dual diagnosis was 26.2%, respectively. Dual diagnosis group showed more depressive symptoms than single diagnosis groups. As a result of logistic regression analysis, compared with the no diagnosis group, the odds ratio for diagnosis of Complex PTSD in the refugees with interpersonal trauma were 2.11. And, the odds ratio for Dual diagnosis in the refugees with interpersonal trauma were 2.39, with disease were 2.85, respectively. There was no traumatic events' types differentiated PTSD group from no diagnosis group. These results showed that the types of traumatic events more important than simple frequency of traumatic events in diagnosis Complex PTSD and PTSD of North Korean Refugees. Based on these result, diagnosis and therapeutic approach of PTSD in North Korean Refugees were discussed.
Abstract
A person-fit analysis (PFA) has been developed to identify individuals whose latent traits are not measured accurately by a test. This study investigated the distribution and effectiveness of a person-fit index: the standardized log-likelihood index (lz) for Graded Response Model(GRM). Findings in simulation studies employing various manipulated variables demonstrated that the empirical distribution of the lz were close to the standard normal distribution and the lz was effective in detecting individuals showing aberrant response patterns given the IRT model (i.e., graded response models). The application of the lz to the empirical data of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale (1965, 1979) illustrated that GRM was suitable to the scale, producing relatively few individuals of a significantly large value.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of positive and negative reinforcement on the rule following behaviors. Fifty participants were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups: positive and negative reinforcement groups. Participants had to perform a simulated welding task and follow 7 safety rules while working on the task. Participants in the positive reinforcement group earned a base pay of 5,000 won at the beginning of the experiment and could earn additional 50 won for completing each task if they followed all safety rules. Participants in the negative reinforcement group earned 10,000 won at the beginning of the experiment and could lose 50 won for completing each task if they did not follow any of the safety rules. The results showed that the rule following behavior in the negative reinforcement group was significantly higher than that in the positive reinforcement group. More replication studies are needed and possible differences in emotional and physiological responses between the two types of reinforcement also should be examined.
Abstract
The Conditional Reasoning Test-Relative Motive Strength (CRT-RMS; James, 1998) has been shown to be a psychometrically reliable and valid approach for measuring motives and biases. The use of this measurement system has yielded significant associations with college student achievement in the US and European contexts, with a magnitude of association which has not been demonstrated with self-report personality tests. This study demonstrates how the utility of the CRT-RMS generalizes to college student samples in Korea based on its association with GPA and its discriminant pattern of associations with self-report measures.
Abstract
The current study examined the relationships between ambivalence over emotional expression (AE) and ‘positive/negative affect’ and ‘AE and depression’. Three potential moderators of ‘AE-Affect’ and ‘AE and depression’ relations were tested: extroversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness. During the examination, one hundred ninety-two undergraduates completed Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire- Korean(AEQ-K), Concise Measure of Subjective Well-Being(COMOSWB), Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) and Brief Symptom Inventory(BSI). Analyses revealed that individuals with ‘relationship-involved AE’ were not related to positive/negative affect and depression. In contrast, individuals with ‘self-defensive AE’ were negatively correlated with positive effect and positively correlated with negative effect and depression. The relations of ‘self-defensive AE-Affect’ and ‘self-defensive AE and depression’ were not different based on levels of extroversion or neuroticism. However, The relations of ‘self-defensive AE-Affect’ and ‘self- defensive AE and depression’ were stronger for students with high conscientiousness. Implications for self- defensive AE are discussed.
Abstract
The current study utilized latent growth model to examine how self-efficacy, peer attachment, and juvenile delinquency changed over time, and how these changes were related across time. While the previous studies on the self-enhancement theory of juvenile delinquency mainly examined the relationship between self-efficacy and juvenile delinquency, the current study analyzed the effect of peer attachment on their relationship, and examined the change on each variables across time. The data was gathered from Korea Youth Panel Survey(KYPS), and 5-year data of 3449 adolescents from the 2nd year in middle school to the 3rd year in high school was examined. The results confirmed the translinear model of self-efficacy and peer attachment, while the same model for juvenile delinquency was not supported. Multi-group analysis of the linear model in self-efficacy and peer attachment showed gender differences in initial value of self efficacy and peer attachment, as well as the rate of change for peer attachment. The test of the self-enhancement model supported the hypothesis that self-efficacy was enhanced by juvenile delinquency and peer attachment. Finally, multi group analysis of the self-enhancement model showed differences in path coefficients in the model between male and female adolescents.
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine police officers's job stress and traumatic stress to predict burnout to identify the Impact of Event Scale-Revised(IES-R), the Job Stress Scale, the Malsach Burnout Inventory(MBI), the Internal-External Control Scale(I-E Scale), the Social Support Scale, and the Ways of Coping Checklist(WCC) were administered to 492 police officers in Seoul, Bucheon, Incheon, The results revealed that 89% of participants reported primary and secondary traumatic stress. Job stress predicted mostly burnout, and traumatic stress did secondly. Social support had moderating effects between each stress and burnout. Finally, implications and limitations of the study were discussed.
Abstract
This study attempted to investigate the role of dichotomous thinking (DT) as a cognitive factor that may elicit intense and acute anxiety like panic. According to the cognitive approach to panic disorder, catastrophic misinterpretations (CM) of bodily sensations are assumed to cause the panic. We tested the hypothesis that DT which judges situations in terms of extremes may play the role of cognitive amplification factor corresponding to CM. For this purpose, Panic Attack Questionnaire, Somato-sensory Amplification Scale, Dichotomous Thinking Index-23 Revised, Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Revised were administered to 484 college students. In analysis 1, we studied whether the interaction of DT with somatosensory sensitivity (SS) can predict the anxiety sensitivity (AS) known to covary with panic disorder. As results, the interaction of DT and SS predicted panic-prone AS significantly. When SS was high and simultaneously DT was high, panic-proneness increased to the maximum level. In analysis 2, panic group, somatization group, and normal control group (each 30 subjects) were screened from entire 484 college students. We compared SS and DT, the 2-stage mechanism of panic generation and attaind mixed results. In comparison to normal control group, the panic group showed both higher SS and DT. But in comparison to somatization group which shares similar clinical features with panic disorder, the panic group didn't differ in 2-stage mechanism. Therefore according to analysis 2 the specific role of DT in panic disorder was supported only in part. Finally, we discussed implications and limitations of this study.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to validate the Korean version of protective behavioral strategies scale. In order to develop preliminary items, the items of a protective behavioral strategies scale (PBSS) were adapted through translation and back-translation, and an open-ended survey was conducted on 117 students at a domestic four-year university. Then a preliminary alcohol-related protective strategies scale of 50 items was produced based on the adapted items of the protective behavioral strategies scale and the results of the survey. 66 students from another domestic four-year university were asked to rate their own understanding and effectiveness of the scale on drinking prevention, and an exploratory factor analysis was made after selecting 246 students from a third domestic four-year university to finalize the items. As a result of making an exploratory factor analysis, two factors that consisted of 13 items were selected. Factor 1 was composed of items about activity strategies, which covered interpersonal relationship, personal thinking and behavior. Factor 2 was constituted by items about manner of drinking, which covered behaviors related to alcohol drink and alcohol non-drink. Finally, a confirmatory factor analysis and a validity analysis were carried out after 257 students from a fourth four-year university were selected. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the goodness-of-fit of the model, and the convergent, concurrent and discriminant validity of it was all confirmed by making a correlation and hierarchical multiple regression with scales of drinking motivation, alcohol use and drinking problems of college students. When a retest was conducted three weeks later, the test-retest reliability of the model was confirmed as well. Finally, the academic significance, suggestions and limitations of the study were discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between Stress and Suicidal Ideation, and the moderating effect of meaning of life and gratitude as protective factors of suicide. The study consists of 149 females and 166 males who are students at a university. The outcome depended on the type of stressful events which influenced suicidal ideation, and will assist in verifying whether there is a difference. The stress factors consist of minor daily hassles and major negative life events. Results showed that the effects of minor daily hassles and major negative life events on suicidal ideation were significant. Also, on the relationship between minor daily hassles and suicidal ideation, moderating effects of meaning in life and gratitude were significant respectively. But, on the relationship between major negative life events and suicidal ideation, moderating effects of meaning in life and gratitude were not significant respectively. The results suggested that therapeutic intervention to raise impaired meaning in life and gratitude, may be suitable to individuals who face minor daily hassles and stress.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Korean Version of the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS). 276 participations were asked to complete the BSCS, Kendall & Wilcox Self-Control Scale, Pathological Internet Use Behavior Symptom Scale, Aitken Procrastination Inventory, Interpersonal Relationship Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. The result of exploratory factor analysis of BSCS suggested two factor structures (self-discipline, concentration). Then, the result of confirmatory factor analysis of BSCS showed that the two-factor model was better than the one-factor model. For testing convergent validity, BSCS was correlated with conceptually related scales that were mentioned above. The result showed that BSCS had high convergent validity. Finally, limitations of this study were discussed in relation with future studies.
Abstract
This study examined whether an experimental task using an eye-tracking device could be a useful tool for discriminating adult ADHD tendencies from normal adults. Study 1 employed ‘gaze-emotion task’ which required participants to exert anti-saccades depending on gaze direction and emotions. Study 2 used ‘exogenous-endogenous gaze-emotion task’ in which the position of the face stimulus was used as an exogenous attention cue, and the gaze direction of the face was used as an endogenous attention cue. The result of Study 1 showed that ADHD tendency group showed significantly lower performance than control group in accuracy rate and mean response time. Especially, ADHD tendency group showed significantly lower accuracy rate than control group in negative emotion trails that asked response inhibition. In Study 2, ADHD tendency group showed significantly lower accuracy rate and slower response time than control group in each SOA, emotion, and exo-endogenous attention condiiton. These results suggest that ADHD tendency group had difficulties in efficient employment-deployment of attention, and have deficits in response inhibition. In addition, the result of a discriminant analysis for these data showed that indices from each tasks have significant discrimination accuracy. Taken together, the result of the present study may be useful in understanding the characteristic of eye movement and difficulties in detecting and processing social cues in adults with ADHD tendency. Finally, it was suggested that the neuropsychological tasks using an eye-tracking device could be a useful tool for discriminating adult ADHD tendencies from normal adults.
Abstract
National identification refers to the psychological sense of belongingness to one's own nation or country. The article reviews two different approaches of national identification as psychological frameworks by which social phenomena could be understood inside and outside of Korea in the context of ongoing globalisation. The first section reviews the essentialist perspective on national identification based on different components such as genealogy, culture, law, or institutions from which people believe their nation has originated. This perspective was meaningful in the Korean context because it is one of the subjective meanings of Koreans' national identification, but was not psychologically useful to predict people's attitude towards immigrants or foreigners in many multi-cultural societies. Then, we reviewed theoretical debates and empirical findings about the functional perspective of national identification, namely patriotism and nationalism, distinguished by their effects. There is not much research on this approach in Korea even though it is a good framework to predict people's perception about immigrants or foreigners. It is noteworthy that the historical component has crucial implications with various national identifications from all three perspectives despite their different characteristics. Finally, this paper suggests that, employing both approaches, the specific features of the history and culture of Korea open the opportunities for psychologists to develop relevant theories and to help to establish a multi-cultural society in Korea.