Space and Environment
- P-ISSN1225-6706
- E-ISSN2733-4295
- KCI
ISSN : 1225-6706
Vol.27 No.2
Abstract
There is a lot of controversy among Marxist researchers about the nature of modern capitalism, but many researchers note that financialization of economy is deepening. Along with the financialization of economy, securitization of financing and globalization are making the financial crisis a global phenomenon. The housing crisis not only destroys the base of living of individual households but also accelerates the deterioration of the communities. It is necessary to actively respond to these crises and to increase public control and sharing of urban basic resources of living including housing. This paper shows that the U.S. land bank, which contribute to overcoming of the subprime mortgage crisis, can be an important tool toward sharing economy. Theoretical review consider the changing nature of contemporary capitalism and examine the impact on the housing crisis. And this paper analyzes the characteristics and functions of the U.S. land bank system such as the acquisition of property, tax foreclosure proceedings, expedited quiet title action, tax recapture agreement as a key financial instrument, evolution of legal institutions. Finally, it suggests that the land bank to cope with the financial crisis can contribute to the development of a sharing economy model.
Abstract
This paper investigates the urbanization process of China by reviewing its land banking system. The analysis on market making type land banking system illustrates transitional characteristics of Chinese urbanization process. For the purpose of understanding the urbanization process and land banking system in China, this study first analyzes the dual land tenure system which forms the foundation of both subjects. Afterwards the characteristics and land supply process of the land bank system are analyzed to clarify the nature of the land bank system in China’s urbanization process and the effects of the land banking system on the urbanization process, respectively. The government of China established and adopted land banking system with the intention of reinforcing national intervention on land markets, and land banks have been accounted as passage for those intervention by providing tremendous amount of land supply. However, this form of intervention remains temporary while it relies on monopoly in initial stage of urban land supply, as new additional urban land supply from land banks decreases along with an advance of urbanization.
Abstract
Land Bank was introduced in 2009 to contribute to the smooth supply of sites for public works and to stabilize the land market. In reality, however, it remains at the level of smoothing supply of sites for public works. The land bank does not work in properly, because of narrow introduction purpose, insufficient financial resource, absentness of real land acquisition means and relation with state-own property, ambiguous entity of land bank, insufficient management plan, lack of participation of local government and tax benefits, calculation of sale price regardless of making financial resources for land bank. In recent years, Korea has faced different challenges from low national economic growth, structural changes of demography, global financial crisis, and it is necessary to redefine the role of the land bank in order to cope with the problems related to the land. Therefore, it is necessary to extend the land bank from previous growth management type land bank, to the risk management type land bank that actively manage the crisis of housing problem of low incomes and vacancy and abandoned houses result from global financial risk, to the market build type land bank that prepare for managing and develope lands of North Korea after unification of Korean Peninsula, and to the resource management type land bank that efficiently manage land resources of Korea. To this end, it is necessary to amend the relevant laws as well as ‘Public Land Reservation Act’, which is the introduction law of the current land bank.
Abstract
본 연구는 역사상의 공유 토지에서부터 현대의 공통재에 이르는 다양한 논의를검토하며, 이를 바탕으로 현대 도시에서 공통재가 어떻게 생산되고 이에 기초한대안적인 삶의 재생산은 어떻게 가능한지 논의한다. 네그리와 하트의 논의는 사회적 공장이 된 도시에서 비물질적 공통재가 생산되는 메커니즘을 잘 보여준다. 이들의 논의는, 공통재의 생산자들이 도시에 대한 권리를 갖고 있음을 주장하는 근거로 활용될 수 있다. 페데리치는 네그리와 하트의비물질적 공통재가 재생산을 담보할 수 없다고 비판하며 상대적으로 물질적 기반에 대한 접근을 강조한다. 스쾃은 페데리치가 드는 주요한 사례다. 그러나 국내에서 진행된 두 스쾃의 사례에서 예술가들과 노숙인들은 자신들이 공통재의 생산자가 될 수 있음을 깨닫고 있었고, 그것을 근거로 삼아 도시권을 스스로 실현하고자 했다. 요컨대 네그리와 하트의 비물질적 공통재는 그 자체로 재생산을 담보하기는 어려울 지라도, 페데리치가 재생산을 위해 주장하는 ‘물질적 기반에 대한접근’에 필요한 권리의 근거를 마련해줄 수 있다.
Abstract
Concerns for the corporate governance of cooperatives have increased since the 1980's. The main problems of corporate governance of cooperatives are mostly related to the cooperatives principle such as increasing the participation of the members for the democratic management of the cooperative, education of cooperative members and employees, and community involvement. Principles express the value of cooperatives, and the practice of cooperatives should reflect the principles, so that if the principles and their values are undermined, it can be said that the identity of the cooperatives is also undermined. While Korean financial cooperatives have a relatively long history, doubts have been raised about its identity. This implies that Korean financial cooperative also have corporate governance problems. There is a need for interest and research on the governance structure of Korean financial cooperative so that cooperatives can play a more active role for the members and local communities while adhering to the principles.
Abstract
생태위기가 가속화되면서 물질대사균열, 자본주의 2차모순, 생태적 현대화, 세계체계적 접근, 축적전략적 접근 등 자본주의 사회에서의 환경문제를 설명하는이론적 논의도 다양해지고 있다. 하지만 국내에서는 환경문제에 대한 사례연구가늘고 있는데 반해 생태위기에 대한 이론적 논의는 정체되어있다. 본 논문은 ‘축적전략으로서의 자연’과 ‘수출주의 축적체제’ 논의를 토대로 한국사회에서 생태위기가 심화되는 양상을 분석하는 것을 목표로 한다. 수출주의는임해공업단지의 조성을 촉진함으로써 자연의 형식적 포섭의 범위를 확대하고 물질대사균열을 가속화시켰다. 더불어 수출주의의 공급주의적 편향은 분업적 개발방식을 발전시키고 생산비용에 대한 통제를 강화하여 환경비용이 내부화되는 것을 지속적으로 제약했다. 민주화가 진전되고 신자유주의가 확산되었지만 수출주의 축적체제의 기본 구조는 유지되었다. 오히려 기술적·조직적 역량이 강화되면서 자연의 형식적 포섭 방식이 확대되었고 자연의 실질적 포섭을 위한 기술혁신도 늘고 있다. 환경운동이 확산되면서 환경비용의 내부화 압력이 높아졌지만 분업적 개발방식에서 유래한 발전주의적 공공성과 투기적 개발 기대는 환경비용의실질적 내부화를 제한했다. 환경비용의 내부화가 제한되면서 환경산업이 수출시장을 중심으로 성장한 결과 자본 주도의 관류 혁신 압력 또한 상당부분 상쇄되었다. 한국사회가 대면하고 있는 환경문제를 포괄적으로 이해하기 위해서는 토건적개발주의를 넘어서 수출주의 축적체제의 형성과 변화를 분석할 필요가 있다.
Abstract
This paper examines the multi-scalar processes of nature’s neoliberalization in the context of South Korea. It explores the case of controversies over Mt. Seorak cable cars in Yangyang County, Gangwon Province. The results are as follows: First, diverse social forces have attempted to produce particular natures in the process of establishing a neoliberal nature project. Environmental NGOs and religious groups have produced a narrative that describes cable cars as destroyers of nature on Mt. Seorak, while local dependent actors argue that cable cars will save nature and guarantee access to tourist sites for vulnerable members of society (i.e., the disabled and the elderly). Second, I show that how the state’s role in regulating national parks for public needs has been transformed into a more neoliberal form by competing with diverse social forces, especially after the establishment of the local autonomy system and the spread of neoliberalism. Through this study, progressive environmental groups and radical intellectual scholars may be encouraged to analyze neoliberalism more sensitively without merely assuming that the state necessarily follows the logic of capital.
Abstract
This article tries to analyze the hierarchical statuses and mobilities of the regions reproduced through the industrial structure by relational perspective and methodology, and explores the implications about recently changing trends in regional disparities based on the results. The recent trend of reducing the regional gap of GRDP per capita since 2010 has been accompanied by regional inequalities such as “the polarization in regional growth” and “the concentration in offshore inflow of regional income”. Block-modeling analysis on structural equivalence among regions in 2014 reveals that the industrial structure is a hierarchy composed of four equivalent classes(statuses): service-core, manufacture-core, manufacture-periphery, and periphery. This article suggests that it is the pro-cyclical pattern of regional disparities, which has been strengthened due to shift to open economies as the manufacture-core has been expanded since financial crisis, that has caused the recent ‘new’ trends since 2010. As the regional growth disparities between the metropolitan area and the South-East one, which are belong to manufacture-core, have gradually become divergent, and the disparities between the core and the periphery expanded, so the status of the service-core, in particular Seoul, in the hierarchical structure was further strengthened since 2011. It could be assumed that the regional disparities appears to be easing ‘numerically’, in reality, it should be the expansion of inequalities between the metropolitan area and the non-metropolitan ones ‘paradoxically’.
Abstract
This study examines how the Busan International Film Festival (BIFF) has gained its international fame and contributed to regional development. In developing a conceptual framework for understanding the globalizing cultural festival and its success, we create a concept of a multi-scalar mediator as an enabler of strategic coupling between translocal actors and regional assets. We pay analytical attention to the three characteristics of the multi-scalar mediators, who has the professional knowledge on her/his fields and regions, the multi-scalar networks, and autonomous self-motivation. Based on these characteristics, they can facilitate the strategic coupling between global actors such as global movie directors/film makers/distributors and regional assets and thus contribute to the growth of the globalizing cultural festivals and eventually regional development. This case study is methodologically based on in-depth interviews, participatory observation, site visit, and archival analyses.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to critically analyze the smart city model led by global IT firms. The main study method is content analysis of the Cheongju report and Jeju report drawn from IBM Smarter City Challenge Program. According to the analysis on the reports, IBM Smart City Model is divorced from locality and focuses on the technology marketing of a firm. The most of the recommendation in the reports is just “collection of interviews with local experts”, and partially includes urban service products like IBM dashboard and the introduction of service technology. On balance, through the reports, those concerned locally failed to have any helps for solutions to pending urban issues, and any drive force for any projects recommended was not created. Therefore, the critique of the IBM reports indicates that it is necessary to keep caution against the entrepreneurial smart city development model led by IT firms with the cooperation of a local government. It is required for a local government to make use of them with its leadership on the basis of local ecosystem, rather than to be dependent on technology firms without criticism.