Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-067X
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Vol.29 No.2
Abstract
The present study investigated social representations of games in Korea. A total of 1,966 Korean adolescents and adults residing in Korea participated in Study1. Using a free association method, respondents' thoughts and beliefs regarding games were collected in an open-ended format. Content analyses revealed 34 categories reflecting the major content of social representations on games. The vast majority of the responses(over 40%) were classified into two categories, reflecting ‘positive affect’ and ‘addiction.’ Other major content areas include ‘aggression’, ‘leisure time’, ‘negative affect’, ‘on-line trade’, ‘wasting time’, ‘game ability’, ‘social relationship’, ‘monetary cost’, ‘positive expectations of games’ and ‘negative evaluation of games.’ These 12 categories encompassed over 80% of the responses provided by all participants. Comparisons between social representations of the adolescent group and the adult group revealed that such categories as ‘game ability’, ‘on-line trade’, ‘social relationship’ were relatively more prevalent in the adolescent group. In contrast, responses representing negative consequences of games (e.g., ‘addiction’, ‘wasting time’, ‘poor academic performance’, ‘personality problems’) were relatively more prevalent in the adult group. Interestingly, adolescents who were diagnosed as game addicts provided relatively rich sets of responses involving ‘game ability’, ‘on-line trade’ and ‘monetary cost’. In Study 2, a cluster analysis using similarity data regarding 70 game-related words revealed a 7-cluster solution, including negative consequences of game use, negative evaluations of games, negative functional properties of games, positive consequences of games, positive functional properties of games, negative affect, and positive affect. Implications of the findings and directions for future study are discussed.
Abstract
While most of perfectionistic personality assessment focus on trait perfectionism, there are limits to examine various mental health and maladjusted problem associated to perfectionism. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to introduce the ‘Perfectionistic Self Presentation Scale: PSPS’ which assess expressive features of perfectionism and to test the reliability and validity of ‘Perfectionistic Self Presentation Scale: PSPS’ using 217 Korean university students. Three constructs of the ‘Perfectionistic Self Presentation Scale’ investigated by factor-analyzing were ‘Perfectionistic Self Promotion: PSP’, ‘Nondisplay of Imperfection: NDP’, ‘Nondisplay of Imperfection: NDC’. The concurrent validity of ‘Perfectionistic Self Presentation Scale: PSPS’ was supported by correlations with happiness scale and self-esteem scale. Finally, the implications of this study and directions for future study were discussed.
Abstract
This study has started from the awareness of the problem that self-reflection had not been addressed sufficiently in the counseling area although it has an important effect on professional development and individual maturity of the counselors. Recent researches on self-reflection, which are at the beginning stage has brought up the needs of study on factors that influence self-reflection. Thus this research review on the definitions of self-reflection and the researches of counselor's self-reflection. Those researches include the review reaearches, counselor's counseling and supervision experience, self-talk, private self-consciousness. Lastly, this research makes a few suggestions for future studies on counselor’s self-reflection and the education for counselors.
Abstract
The present research investigates the cognitive-behavioral model of marital problems. For the purpose of this study, appropriate cognitive-behavioral model was constructed and was tested through the structural equation modeling. Also, we evaluated the moderating effect of marital belief discrepancy and the mediating effect of negative marital perception on how major marital life events affect marital dissatisfaction. Cognitive-behavioral factors assessment scale and general marital dissatisfaction assessment scale were administered to 130 married couples in Korea. The data were analyzed through correlation analysis, regression analysis, and structural equation modeling. There was significant correlation between cognitive-behavioral factors (e.g., major marital life events, marital belief discrepancy, negative marital perception, negative marital emotion, and negative marital behavior) and general marital dissatisfaction. We also found significant moderating effect of marital belief discrepancy and mediating effect of negative marital perception on the connection between major marital life events and marital dissatisfaction. Finally, the mediation model showed appropriate goodness of fit compared to alternative models. We conclude that the integrative cognitive-behavioral model suggested by the present study is a potential explanation for Korean marital problems. Clinical implication, limitations of this study, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to discuss the importance of touch during infancy by reviewing the Western and Korean studies on mothers' touch. The review of the researches on touch revealed that touch plays an essential role in survival as it modulate physical and behavioral responses during early infant development. Also, this physical contact functions as a part of the total communication system between the mother and infant. The amount and quality of physical contact are important to the attachment. More importantly, mothers’ physical contacts of their babies serves as a foundation for the physical and psychological development of the infants. Domestic researches examined the mothers' touch patterns by months and mothers' internal states. Korean mothers used the nurturing touch rather than the harsh touch. Mothers used the gentle and affectionate contact type in a biological caregiving situation regardless of their internal states. However, in social caegivring situation, mothers with stable states were more likely to use the types of touch causing positive emotions than mothers with unstable internal states. The communicative function of the physical contact between mother and infant was supported through experimental research. Lastly, future research directions were proposed.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the moderation effects of parenting behaviors and maladjustment schema on the association between stress and maladjustment. The subjects of this study were 179 children aged 12 years (90 boys and 89 girls). They were assessed by self-report on parental behaviors (warmth, supervision), internalizing problems, externalizing problems, stressful life events and maladjustment schema. To explore the psychological characteristics of groups on clinical level of internalizing and externalizing problems, three groups with high internalizing and high externalizing, and co-morbidity groups were compared. A hierarchical regression analysis was used to investigate the moderation effects of parental behaviors and maladjustment schema on the association between stress and maladjustment. The results were discussed in the perspective of the vulnerability-stress model.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the diagnostic efficiency of MMPI-2 when it was applied to North Korean female refugees. The study has been conducted based on the observation of 210 female refugees who were benefited from the treatment provided by Psychiatry of Hanawon (Settlement Support Center for North Korean Refugees) from June 2008 to June 2009. The psychiatric outpatient group consists of anxiety group (100), depression group (30), somatization group (80). In comparison, the normal control group consists of 210 female refugees who were in the same age and received the same level of education with the psychiatric outpatient group. The means of T scores from validity scales and clinical scales of MMPI-2 were compared among the groups. Moreover, a series of logistic regression analysis have been conducted in order to clarify predictors of influencing on differences between groups. In addition, based on the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, and the diagnostic efficiency of predictors were compared in each T score of the final predictors. The analysis represented that the anxiety group showed mild elevation on Pa and Pt scales and the depression group had high scores on D, Pt, and Si scales. In the somatization group, there were no scales over 60T in any clinical scales, but they had relatively higher T scores in D, Pt, and Si scales than in the rest of the scales. As a result of logistic regression analysis, Hy, Hs, and Sc scales proved to be the most powerful predictors in distinguishing the anxiety group from the normal control group. D, Hs scales in the depression group; Hs and D scales in the somatization group. According to the results of the ROC analysis, Hy scale (with the diagnostic efficiency of 45T) showed the highest efficiency in distinguishing the anxiety group from the normal control group. D scale (59T) had the most effective efficiency in the depression group; Hs scale (50T) in the somatization group. Finally, the required attention in therapeutic intervention for North Korean female refugees and the possibility of applying MMPI-2 to clinical setting were discussed, and implications and limits, future study were suggested.
Abstract
While humans’ sleep and wake episodes occur at about 24-hour cycle, there are individual differences in their preferences on bedtime, wake-up time and working hours, called ‘circadian type’. Morning-type and evening-type, the opposite extremes in the circadian typology, have been shown to differ not only in their preferred sleep patterns but also in some of their cognitive, behavioral and emotional aspects. Many studies have shown the correlation between evening type and depression. However, the causal relationship between the two has not been clarified. The present study aims to elucidate whether sleep quality mediates the relation between evening type and depression. Survey including the morningness-eveningness scale(the Korean version of Composite Scale of Morningness), depression scale(the Korean CES-D) and sleep quality measure(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) was conducted to 899 Korean college students. Correlation analysis shows that the more the eveningness, the lower the sleep quality and the more depressed. Also, the lower the sleep quality, the more depressed. Structure equational modeling using AMOS shows that sleep quality fully mediates the relation between circadian typology and depression, and 40.2% of depression is explained by circadian typology and sleep quality. The present results suggest that improving sleep quality by sleep hygiene education can decrease the depression in evening type.
Abstract
Self-focused attention has been considered to contribute to both psychopathology and psychotherapy. Thus Lee and Kwon (2005) developed the Scale for Dispositional Self-focused Attention in Social situation (SDSAS) in order to differentiate two types of dispositional self-focused attention in social situation, with postulating the existence of two types of dispositional self-focused attention, defensive self-focused attention and nondefensive self-focused attention. This study aimed to investigate if two types of dispositional self-focused attention distinguished by SDSAS can be differentiated on psychopathology measures. For this purpose, SDSAS and the Symptom Checklist-Revised (SCL-90-R) were measured among undergraduate students. First, correlation analysis between SDSAS and SCL-90-R showed that there was no significant correlation between general dispositional self-focused attention scale and psychopathology scores, whereas self-absorption scale was positively correlated with psychopathology scores. Second, defensive/nondefensive self-focused attention group and low self-focused attention group were selected by SDSAS and participants' levels of psychopathology were compared. Results revealed that defensive self-focused attention group showed significantly higher scores on psychopathology measures than nondefensive self-focused attention group and low self-focused attention group. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in psychopathology scores between nondefensive self-focused attention group and low self-focused attention group. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Abstract
Examining the psychological effects of spousal caregiving is an important step to a broader understanding of spousal caregiving stress in Korea where rapid demographic shift to an aged society is currently taking place. In this review article, the authors not only provided evidence of the direct effects of objective stressors such as the type and extent of disability but also the influence of demographic variables ( age, gender, economic status, and health), psychological variables (emotional stability, optimism, self-perceived control, self-efficacy, and marital satisfaction), and contextual variables (social , cultural, and familial ). The authors then propose a model of spousal caregiver stress with a focus on psychological variables. Finally, the authors provide direction for future research to expand understanding of spousal caregiving and discuss implications for clinical interventions and education to alleviate spousal caregiving burden.