Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
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ISSN : 1229-067X
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Vol.30 No.2
Abstract
This study examined the characteristics of emotion processing in people with psychopathic tendency using a web-based facial emotion decision task and a change-blindness facial emotion task. A psychopathic tendency and control group were selected out from university students using a Levenson's Self-Report Psychopathy and a Welsh Anxiety Scale. As a result of study 1 which employed a web-based facial emotion decision task, response accuracies of psychopathic tendencies to happiness and surprise was significantly lower than that of control group, suggesting that psychopathic tendency shows some emotion processing deficits. The results for emotions such as fear and sadness, however, were not statistically significant. The study 2, using a change-blindness facial emotion task, examined attention deficits of psychopathic tendencies in emotion processing. As a result, response times in psychopathic tendencies were significantly slower than those of control group in all six measures of emotion (happiness, fear, anger, disgust, sadness, surprise). In summary, 1) the study 1 showed that people with psychopathic tendency have difficulty in processing emotions such as happiness and surprise. 2) the study 2 showed that they also has attention deficits in noticing changes in all six emotional faces. Finally, it was suggested that our results may shed lights on the development of evaluation tools for discriminating psychopaths from normal, and limitations of the current study were discussed.
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the relationships among dysfunctional anger expression(anger-in, anger-out), irrational beliefs and mindfulness to examine whether mindfulness uniquely contributed to dysfunctional anger expression after controlling for irrational beliefs. In addition, we investigated the relative contributions of sub-factors of mindfulness to dysfunctional anger expression. We asked 382 college students to complete questionnaires including the Mindfulness Scale(Park, 2005), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-Korean version(STAXI-K) and Irrational Belief Test(Jones, 1969). The results were as follows; The correlation analysis showed statistically significant negative correlations between mindfulness and dysfunctional anger expression, and between mindfulness and irrational beliefs. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that mindfulness uniquely contributed to dysfunctional anger expression after controlling for irrational beliefs. Simultaneous multiple regression analyses demonstrated that de-centered attention exhibited a significantly negative contribution to anger-in, and that de-centered attention, concentration, present awareness exhibited a significantly contribution to anger-out. Finally, we discussed the limitations and implications of this study and provided suggestions for future studies.
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between rumination focusing and anger. High cause-focused rumination group showed greater angry mood than low cause-focused rumination group, but ‘high cause-focused and low emotion-focused rumination group’ showed less angry mood than ‘low cause-focused and high emotion-focused rumination group’. And emotion-focused rumination showed higher positive correlation with angry mood than cause-focused rumination. Same pattern of results appeared in anger experience. The results of path analysis showed that rumination of causes was related with angry mood indirectly through anger-in. Emotion-focused rumination was related with angry mood both directly and indirectly through anger-in or anger-out. Same pattern of results appeared in anger experience. Based on the finding of the present study, it was concluded that the effect of anger rumination could be different according to subcomponents in rumination. The findings of this study may provide useful ideas of intervention for anger problem.
Abstract
Consultation is an indirect service delivery model in psychology, education and other mental health fields. While there is a growing interest in consultation and its importance has increasingly been recognized, especially in school psychology, specific consultation models that could potentially be useful for psychologists and related specialists in Korean schools and their applicability have rarely been examined. This article reviews an emerging and promising school-based consultation model, Conjoint Behavioral Consultation (CBC; Sheridan et al., 2008) in which the parent and the teacher (consultees) collaboratively work together as partners with the psychologist (consultant) in order to address the student's needs. Theoretical foundations and recent development of CBC and consultation processes are examined. A schematic conceptual and process model of CBC is presented and major empirical studies on the efficacy of CBC are also reviewed. Finally, major rationales to utilize CBC are presented and practical challenges for its application within school systems in Korea are discussed.
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that alcoholism is associated with greater deficit in executive functions relative to other cognitive functions. To this end, we administered a standardized intelligence test as well as a standardized executive-function test to 28 alcohol dependence patients and 26 control subjects. We compared performance of alcoholic and control subjects on six paired tests on which one test strongly engaged executive functions (high EF tests) and the other test weakly engaged executive functions (low EF tests). There was a significant interaction between group (alcoholic, control) and task (high EF, low EF) on five out of six paired tests. On each of the five paired tests, cognitive deficits of alcoholic subjects relative to control subjects were greater in the high EF test relative to the low EF test. For example, deficits of alcoholic subjects relative to control subjects were greater in Executive IQ compared with Wechsler IQ, and in simple trial relative to interference trial in Stroop test. These results indicate that alcoholism is associated with greater deficit in executive functions relative to other cognitive functions. This finding may reflect greater abnormality in prefrontal regions relative to other brain regions in alcoholic patients.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine a variety of competencies which are required for career and vocational counselors and identify which competencies are more important for these counselors depending on a developmental stage of clients. In order to develop preliminary items, in-depth interviews were conducted for 16 current career and vocational counselors and other criteria variables were administered to 120 professionals working in an area of career counselors. The results of factor analyses showed that a six factor solution appeared to be the best in terms of interpreting the construct. Also 49 items were finally identified based on the results of factor analyses. Those extracted competency factors were ‘management skills of career and vocation information’, ‘Professional spirit’, ‘Career and vocational counseling skills’, ‘Positive attitude about client’, ‘Career program development and management skills’, and ‘Expert knowledge in career counseling’. The results of frequency analyses of in-depth interview showed that expert knowledge was the most required competence for the counselor group specializing for adolescents while information on career and vocational counseling was the most required competence for both counselor groups specializing for undergraduate students and adults, respectively. Also the career and vocational counselors have generally high level of competencies of ‘positive attitude about client’ and ‘professional spirit’ but have low level of competencies of ‘expert knowledge in career counseling’ and ‘management skills of career and vocation information’. Finally, limitations, future studies, and implications of this study were discussed.
Abstract
So far there is no consent definition of courage because of lack of empirical studies about its construct. This study was to explore the construct of courage among Korean university students by investigating their implicit theory. In Study 1, we compiled responses from a free-listing task about characteristics of a courageous person for 239 university students. We compiled 3,843 items and classified them into 10 categories of 437 items through the contents analysis. In study 2, we asked 286 university students to complete a questionnaire including 437 items made to 9 point Likert style scale and analyzed 211 items over 6 point of the scale by factor analysis. As a result, we found 4 factors, truthfulness-firmness, altruism-taking risk, one's conviction-being dignified, and challenge. Additionally in study 2, we investigated students' thoughts about three issues relevant to the construct of courage using vignettes developed by us. Those three issues were as follow. Does courage include fear? Is a nobility indispensible in courage? Is courage behavior or trait? The results showed that Korean students thought courage included fear or did not, included a nobility, and courage is not a situational behavior but a dispositional trait. These results were not completely consistent with those in western studies and we discussed the reason of the differences in terms of cultural perspective.
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that meaning in life plays a crucial role in wellbeing in late life. There has been little research, however, examining the relative important of meaning in life across ages. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of meaning in life on happiness and health in both younger adults and older adults. In particular, the relative importance of meaning was compared between younger and older adults. 203 college students (M=22.10) and 206 older adults (M=67.40) participated in this study. Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) was employed to measure the meaning in life and happiness (SHS), physical and psychological symptoms, sleep quality, health related behaviors (regular meal and exercise, frequency of drinking, and smoking) were measured. We found a positive relationship between MLQ and happiness both age groups. More importantly, the effect of MLQ on happiness and health (SHS, sleep quality, regular meal and exercise, smoking) was statistically stronger for older adults than younger adults. The implication for study were discussed.
Abstract
Until now, most researches in self-control area have measured indirectly the exertion of self-control. From the perspective of the multiple goal-relation, we reviewed three self-control theories, such as self-regulatory strength model, counteractive control theory, goal conflict theory, that measured directly the exertion of self-control using the priming task among cognitive tasks. From three theories, we summarized core concepts and assumptions, including implications and definition of self-control, meaning of self-control success or failure, characteristics of successful or unsuccessful self-controls, process of self-control, and important determinants in the self-control exertion. Based on these three self-control theories, this review, defined the self-control as the process of goal conflict resolution, suggests that very important factors are temptation (lower order goal) and goal conflict (ambivalence) in self-control process. Also we emphasized the dynamic process that the self-control would be affected by individual's genetic background, past experience and learning, and environment or context. We also discussed about individual difference in self-control exertion and possibility that the important factors in self-control success and failure process may be related by various moderators, such as goal importance, goal expectancy, and self-efficacy. Finally, we proposed some directions for future research in this area.
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to construct and to validate a short five factor personality scale for children, which can be used by children as well as adult raters. Study 1 selected 18 items to measure the five personality factors from Big-Five Scale for the California Child Q-Set(John et al., 1994) based on exploratory factor analyses on the data from 6th grade elementary school students(N=447) and their parents. Study 2 collected data from another independent sample that is consisted of 5 & 6th grade elementary school students(N=334), their parents, and their teachers. Confirmatory factor analyses on the data showed acceptable model fits and generally adequate factor loadings. The correlation coefficients between the five personality factors and related variables provided additional construct validity evidence. Taken together, the results support the validity of this short five factor personality scale for children. The implications of the findings and limitations as well as future research directions were discussed.
Abstract
The present study examined whether the pattern of development of inductive reasoning for Korean children is consistent with that for American children as demonstrated in the work by Lopez, Gelman, Gutheil, and Smith(1992) which applied a Similarity Coverage Mode(Osherson, Smith, Wilkie, Lopez, & Shafir, 1990) to children's inductive reasoning. Experiment 1, this study replicated several inductive phenomena of Lopez et al.(1992). Performance of Korean children not well solved as compared with Lopez et al.'s. Korean children showed lower performance about familiarization task as well as inductive task. Familiarization task simple decide to which category belong to each instances in order to practice inductive task. Performance of participants needs to improvement. In experiment 2, Researchers observed whether categorization training result in improvement of children' performance. The result showed ability of inductive reasoning was improved as much as Lopez et al.'s for the grade three in the several phenomena. However, preschoolers did not show performance of familiarization task is not match to Lopez et al's. In experiment 3, After training more explicit categorization to only preschoolers, Korean preschooler showed familiarization task and inductive task were consistent with Lopez et al's results. These experiment shows inductive ability of Korean children is lower on the surface than American's. However, After focusing on categorization through short training, Inductive performance of Korean children's improved. Abstract of category concept is implicit because of focusing on relation in Korean language. This study proposes that implicit categorization ability reveals explicit one through short training, what pattern show Korean children in the inductive development, and what is the relation between ability of inductive reasoning and categorization reasoning.
Abstract
The present study is aimed at conceptualizing lower level gambling behaviors and developing a scale measuring those behaviors. People at low levels in gambling behaviors take more than 90 percentage of the general population. First, we redefined some levels of gambling behaviors differently from the current usage. Level 0, ‘psychological zero level’, is redefined as a state of having no experience of gambling or a state of absence of intrinsic motivation, interest, or intention of gambling. Level 1 is a state of intrinsic motivation or interest in gambling behaviors characterized by “undeveloped damage or harmless consequences” and “not being involved in biopsychosocial risk factors”. To bridge the gap between level 1 and level 2, we introduced M level (1.5 level), a state of involving biopsychosocial risk factors. Preliminary 52 items were constructed including filler items. Data were collected from 627 respondents including college students and visitors at legal sites for gambling. Through the 3-round item and respondent selection process, 18 items were chosen. Then one item was removed in exploratory factor analysis. In the end 17 items were retained. Finally, as a result of confirmatory factor analysis, we could confirm the 3-factor structure: level 0 factor, level 1 factor, and level M factor that were hypothesized to exist at the low end of gambling behaviors.