Korean Journal of Psychology: General
- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-067X
Vol.29 No.4
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of perceived temporal distance on preference based on construal level theory(CLT). This study also intended to examine the relationship between trait anxiety and construal level, and perceived temporal distance has a moderating effect in the relationship between trait anxiety and preference of the option. Participants were presented with ‘next semester’ as a criteria to measure individual differences in perceiving temporal distance. The results were as follows. Participants perceiving next semester as near future evaluated low-level related information as more important than high-level related information, in contrast, participants who perceived next semester as distant future considered high-level related information as more important. Further, they prefer the option that has negative high-level feature and positive low-level feature when they perceived next semester as near future. Trait anxiety correlated with construal level negatively. Those with higher trait anxiety evaluated low-level related information as more important, predicted the possibility of positive event as lower when they perceived next semester as near future. Especially it can be suggested that perceived temporal distance was an important factor in moderating the relationship between trait anxiety and the threatening option. The implications and limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of behavioural inhibition system(BIS) and behavioural approach system(BAS) on evaluating affective stimuli and psychophysiological difference of BIS/BAS in different affective picture stimuli. Two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 and 2 were conducted with affective pictures stimuli(from IAPS). In Experiment 1, I wanted to find whether BIS and BAS have influence on evaluation to affective picture stimuli. As expected, the result showed that BIS high group more negatively evaluated the negative affect pictures than low group and BAS high group more positively evaluated the positive affect pictures than low group. It means that BIS is sensitive negative affect but BAS is sensitive positive affect. In Experiment 2, the purpose of this experiment was to identify difference of psychophysiological responses in BIS and BAS according to resting condition and affective pictures presented condition. I could find frontal asymmetry of BIS and BAS in resting condition. Also I identified the relation between BIS and SCL in negative affect pictures. BIS high group is high SCL in negative affect pictures. However I could not identify the relation between BAS and HR in the positive pictures. In the reaction time, reaction time of BAS is more fast in the positive pictures, but reaction time of BIS is more fast in the negative pictures. Implication for this results were discussed in the final section.
Abstract
This study compared the mental health problems of North Korean Refugees in the initial stage(Hanawon sample: 282) and living in the South Korean society(Community sample: 202) according to their gender and age. The scores of 9 subscales(Post Traumatic Stress, PTS; Anxiety, ANX; Depression, DEP; Somatization, SOM; Interpersonal Sensitivity, IS; Anger, ANG; Psycosis, PSY; Family Problem, FP; Alcohol Problem, AP) of BPSI-NKR(Brief Psychological State Inventory for North Korean Refugees) were compared across the settlement stage(Hanawon sample vs Community sample), gender and age. As a result of MANOVA, main effects of gender, age, and settlement stage on the several scales were significant. Female had the higher scores on PTS, ANX, DEP, SOM, IS scales than male, male had the higher scores on AP scale than female. 30s and 40s had the higher scores on PTS, SOM, IS, ANG scales than 20s, and Community sample had the higher scores on DEP, SOM, ANG, PSY, FP and AP scales than Hanawon sample. Interaction effect of gender×settlement stage, age×settlement stage, and gender×age on PTS, ANX, DEP, PSY scales were significant. Analysis of simple main effect showed that 20s and 40s had no difference on PTS and ANX scores, but 30s educated in Hanawon had the significantly higher scores on that scales than Community sample. Female showed high scores on DEP scale regardless of the settlement stage, but male living in community had the significantly higher score than Hanawon sample. 20s showed low scores on DEP scale both Hanawon and Community sample, in the case of over the 30s living in community showed higher scores than Hanawon sample. As regards PSY scale, male presented the similar level in Hanawon according to their age, but significantly differentiated in community. Female in Community sample showed higher score than Hanawon sample, but there was no difference according to age. Based on these result, therapeutic approach for North Korean Refugees were discussed.
Abstract
The present study examined whether perfectionism (maladaptive perfectionism, adaptive perfectionism) moderated the association between acculturative stress and two psychological indexes (depression, somatization). Data were collected through online and offline surveys from 378 Chinese international students attending Korean universities. Results from hierarchical regression analyses showed that there were significant conditional effect of acculturative stress, maladaptive perfectionism, and adaptive perfectionism on depression and a significant conditional effect of acculturative stress on somatization. Also, there were significant two-way interactions, indicating that acculturative stress and adaptive perfectionism interacted to predict somatization. Implications for counseling and future research directions are discussed.
Abstract
For the past two decades, evolutionary psychology has rapidly developed as a novel theoretical perspective that studies the human mind and behavior, thus gaining much attention from psychologists working worldwide. Unfortunately, Korea has few psychologists specialized in evolutionary psychology, which often results in a number of misunderstandings or prejudices of evolutionary psychology among mainstream psychologists. To overcome this difficulty, I hereby attempt to clarify the theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology and to redress the common misunderstandings about it. Evolutionary psychology aims to elucidate the adaptive design of the human mind and hence provides the organizing theoretical framework that can be utilized to study any psychological phenomena. I then discuss four common misunderstandings of evolutionary psychology: 1) evolutionary psychology is empirically unfalsifiable, 2) evolutionary psychology is a form of genetic determinism, 3) human behavior stems from learning, rather than from biological evolution, and 4) between-group differences are best explained by culture, rather than biological evolution. I conclude that the evolutionary perspective not only unify scattered findings within a coherent explanation, but also provides a heuristic guide to unknown facts.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the efficiency of the Human Figure Drawing(HFD) Test for differentiating mild dementia from geriatric depression and normal elderly person. The HFD test was administered to 92 patients with clinically diagnosed mild dementia, 97 with geriatric depression and 52 normal control, all matched for age, education and sex level. The cut-off scores, sensitivities, specificities, positive likelihood ratio(+LR), negative likelihood ratio(-LR), and the Area Under Curve(AUC) of each group were calculated and then the analysis of the omission frequency of HFD body details was conducted. HFD qualitative scoring system significantly discriminated mild dementia patients from geriatric depression patients or normal controls but could not discriminate geriatric depression patients from normal controls. However, in the omission frequency analysis of HFD body details, not only mild dementia patients showed more ‘omission’, ‘transparency’ and ‘distortion’ than normal controls or geriatric depression patients, but also geriatric depression patients omitted details more than normal controls in the fine body detail of their HFD. So the final diagnosis should be based on both qualitative and quantitative analysis of HFD. Finally, implication and limitations of this study were discussed.
Abstract
This study probes to structurally examine influences of self-esteem, physical comparison, body dissatisfaction on restrained eating among university students. The participants were chosen from university students(N=410/ M=238, F=171, No Response=1) in Korea and they received questionnaires to measure their self-esteem, physical comparison, body shape, and restrained eating scale. Based on previous studies the researcher constructed one research model and two alternative models to navigate the most suitable explanation for data and verified the influence of variables and the significance of the mediating effect. Based on these results, we found that physical comparison and body dissatisfaction worked as partial mediation to the effects of self-esteem in restrained eating, and this mediation effect is statistically significant. Next, we verified the gender difference in the influences of each variables on restrained eating using MANOVA(Multivariate Analysis of Variance). We confirmed as results of multiple-group analysis that there was discrepancy in the optimum model for each gender. For male university students, the model of physical comparison and body dissatisfaction working as full mediation between self-esteem and restrained eating was the most suitable model where as for female students, the research model, a partial mediation model, fitted the best. The implication of this result was discussed and the limitation and future direction of this study were suggested in the end.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of multicultural counselors working with internationally-married female migrants in order to acquire in-depth understanding of their personal and professional lives and difficulties they face in multicultural counseling field. 12 counselors were interviewed and, using Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR), 3 main concepts were identified from the results of the interview: psychological state, difficulties, and strategies suggested by the counselors to solve those issues. Based on the results, implications and recommendations to satisfy the counselor's needs and enhance expertise in effectively providing multicultural counseling for internationally-married female migrants.
Abstract
On the basis of Jeffrey E. Young's schema therapy, attachment theory and related empirical findings, the present study examined a theoretical model in which emotional reactivity and emotional cutoff mediated the links between disconnection and rejection schemas and negative mood and interpersonal problems. Results of structural equation modeling with data from 401 college students at 8 universities indicated that the hypothesized structural model produced a good fit to the data. Also, the link between maladaptive schemas and negative mood was partially mediated by emotional reactivity. The link between maladaptive schemas and interpersonal problems was also partially mediated by emotional reactivity. Unlike expectations, however, emotional cutoff was not significantly related to negative mood or interpersonal problems. Implications for future research and counseling practice are discussed.
Abstract
This study attempted to find a pathway of influence among maternal insecure adult attachment, emotion, psychological control and child psychological adjustment. Maternal reports of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance, state anxiety and depression, as well as child report of maternal psychological control and externalizing and internalizing problems were analysed. Child externalizing behavior probems included aggression, hyperactivity, and attention problem while internalizing behavior problems were measured in terms of anxiety, depression, and sense of self-inadequacy. Statistical analyses were conducted on a sample of 569 mothers and their school age children using the SPSS 17.0 and AMOS 17.0. Results from the structural equation modeling indicated that maternal insecure adult attachment significantly influenced the level of maternal anxiety and depression. Maternal anxiety and depression, in turn, significantly increased the child report of maternal psychological control, which was a significant predictor of both child externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. Maternal emotion in terms of anxiety and depression was also a significant independent predictor of child externalizing behavior problem. Results from the current study were discussed with regard to relevant findings in the extent literature. Limitations of the current findings as well as the suggestions for future study were also included.
Abstract
This study investigated response inhibition in undergraduate students divided into psychopathic tendencies and control groups according to the scores of Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (Lee, & Park, 2008; Lilienfeld, & Widows, 2005). Event-related potentials were collected as participants performed visual Go/NoGo discrimination task that required participants to respond to Go condition (circle stimuli) and to inhibit response to NoGo condition(square stimuli). The response inhibition was investigated in the NoGo condition. The statistical analysis of P3 elicited by NoGo stimuli indicated that psychopathic tendencies group showed significantly reduced NoGo-P3 amplitudes than the control group at the central area. In Wisconsin card sorting test, the psychopathic tendencies group showed significantly higher perseverative response and perseverative error than the control group. These results support the hypothesis that the neural processes involved in response inhibition are abnormal in individuals with psychopathic tendencies.
Abstract
Perfectionism is multidimensional, and self-oriented perfectionism is generally known as adaptive. However, most previous studies were limited given that they typically utilized college students for convenience in data collection. Besides, their results have not been consistent, and thus it remains uncertain whether or not self-oriented perfectionism really is positive. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-oriented perfectionism with two facets (perfectionistic striving & importance of being perfect) and affect after academic failure in academically talented high school students as well as the mediation effect of goal orientation in the relationship. Results showed that the perfectionistic striving facet was positively associated with the mastery approach and performance approach goal orientations as well as the positive affect and pride following failure experience, while the importance of being perfect facet was positively correlated with the performance avoid goal orientations as well as the negative affect after failure. The findings highlighted the different nature of two facets of self-oriented perfectionism, and advanced our understanding about the positive mechanism of self-oriented perfectionism by investigating the mediation effect of mastery goal orientation between self-oriented perfectionism and positive affective states following failure.
Abstract
A Short Version of the Dysfunctional Beliefs Test(SDBT) is a self-report inventory of 36 items with 6-point rating scale. In this study, to compare the short version of the DBT with a original version of the DBT, confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) was used to verify a configuration of three factor solution of the DBT in a sample of undergraduate students(N=231). Results showed that model-fit indexes of short and original version of the DBT was appropriate. And the reliability and validity of the data were analysed. The short version of the DBT was highly reliable in terms of internal consistency, split-half reliability, and test-retest reliability. And the short version of the DBT was significantly correlated with maladaptive thoughts, emotional and behavioral symptoms, and trait anxiety related to social phobia as well as a vulnerability to fear of negative evaluation, but not with depression inventory. In conclusion, the short version of the DBT appears to be a highly reliable, valid measure to assess dysfunctional beliefs of social phobia. Lastly, implications of the present studies were discussed.
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate differential characteristics of neuropsychological functions, especially in executive functions between subtypes of ADHD. Of all 55 ADHD children, 34 children was ADHD, combined type (ADHD-C), and 21 were ADHD, predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I). Neuropsychological tests to measure cognitive function(KEDI-WISC-R), executive functions(ROCF, CCTT, STROOP, WCST), and attention(ATA) were individually administered to children. And the estimated scores of those tests were calculated based on the age norm for each test. There were no significant differences in FSIQ, VIQ, and PIQ between the two groups. However, ADHD-I group tended to show higher scores on the subtest of Coding. In terms of inhibition, there was no difference between two subtypes of ADHD children. But ADHD-I group showed higher prompt errors on CCTT-2 than ADHD-C group children. The ADHD-C group scored significantly lower on cognitive flexibility, but higher on planning scores in WCST than ADHD-I group. The ADHD-I children also have inhibition problems like ADHD-C children. The ADHD-C children have better planning ability, but have less cognitive flexibility than ADHD-I children.
Abstract
The present research is aimed at to explore the gender differences in implicit theories of wisdom in Korea. Three studies investigated different aspects of gender differences in implicit theories of wisdom. In study 1, participants rated characteristics of wisdom concerning their importance for wisdom. Gender differences are reported in 'moderation and balance' factor and 'sympathetic interpersonal relationship' factor. This result suggest a slightly affection and relation oriented view of wisdom in women. Study 2 showed gender differences in the characteristics participants ascribed to a male wise person and a female wise person. 'sympathetic interpersonal relationship' characteristics were rated as slightly more typical for a female wise person. and male participants nominated male wise person more whereas women participants nominated female wise person more. Study 3 showed gender differences in participants' reports of an event in which they were wise. Men most often reported events from their professional life whereas women most reported children-related events. In sum, the findings suggest gender differences in conception of wisdom namely implicit theory of wisdom. Finally, gender difference was discussed from gender-role and gender-specific socialization.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to verify the power of predict recidivism of KSORAS(Korean Sex Offender Risk Assessment Scale) which was developed in 2008. This study conducted follow-up recidivism of 163 sex offenders from the sample of study 1 in 2008. At the end of the follow-up period, 11.9% of the offenders had been reoffend for a new sex offence. As the result of ROC analysis, the accuracy of the KSORAS with AUC .676(p<.05) is moderate. Then the optimum cut-off score for the KSORAS produced by ROC analysis was the total score 15. This cut-off score corresponded to a sensitivity of .38, and a specificity of .83. Also, as the result of survival analysis, the survival rate of the high risk offenders(total score 15 and above) was significantly lower than that of the low risk offenders(total score 14 and below). According to this positive results of this study, the KSORAS can help in decision making of criminal justice system for Korean sex offenders. It also expect that KSORAS will be alternative plan of arbitrary decision.
Abstract
This study aims 1) to develop a program for university students that helps them to get a suitable match, have a satisfactory relation, plan their wedding and have a healthy sexual life, 2) to analyze its effects. According to a systematic procedure for the development of counseling model, participants and professional counselors were involved in develop and validation of the program. This program, consisting of 16 lectures (include 2 weeks for midterm and final test), was designed for a university liberal-art course. The effects of this program were analyzed by utilizing the dependent variables of ‘Love-Style’, ‘Relational Satisfaction’, ‘Sexual Knowledge Questionnaire’ pre-post ANCOVA. This program shows a positive effects in terms of improving ‘Love-Style’, ‘Relational Satisfaction’, ‘Sexual Knowledge’ and their evaluation for this program was positive, too. These result could lead to a conclusion that this program helps university students to improve ‘Love-Style’, ‘Relational Satisfaction’, ‘Sexual Knowledge’.