The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology
- P-ISSN : 1226-9654
- E-ISSN : 2733-466X
- Publisher : Korean Society for Cognitive and Biological Psychology
- CCL :
- P-ISSN1226-9654
- E-ISSN2733-466X
- KCI
Latest Articles
Vol.36 No.4
6papers in this issue.
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The effects of sad and fearful facial expressions at different arousal levels on spatial memory
Seonkyoung Lee ; Yoonhyoung Lee
pp.165-176
https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2024.36.4.001
초록보기
Abstract
Accumulating research has suggested that negative emotion affect spatial processing by modulating spatial attention. Also, recent studies using negative scene stimuli suggest that arousal is a key factor influencing spatial information processing. However, the results of studies using facial expression stimuli are inconsistent. Therefore, this study aimed to explore how negative facial expressions impact both spatial and visual (non-spatial) information processing, particularly focusing on the role of arousal within these expressions. In this study, participants were exposed to fearful, sad, and neutral facial expressions while performing tasks involving either remembering the location (Experiment 1) or the shape (Experiment 2). Results from Experiment 1 revealed that fearful faces, when presented during the task of remembering locations, improved spatial information recognition. However, there were no significant differences observed for sad or neutral faces. Moreover, when it came to remembering the shape in Experiment 2, no differences between facial expressions were observed. The results suggest that negative emotional stimuli affect tasks requiring spatial processing and do not have a significant effect on non-spatial processing. More importantly, these results demonstrate that arousal can affect task performance by modulating spatial attention and, in contrast to previous studies using scene stimuli, suggest that task-irrelevant facial expressions may facilitate perceptual processing by increasing arousal and vigilance.
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The Influence of Visual Quality and Sentence Difficulty on Sentence Context Effects in Reading Speed
Ko Eun Lee ; Yun Young Park ; Hye-Won Lee
pp.177-187
https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2024.36.4.002
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Abstract
In the present study, we investigated how sentence context effects were affected by the visual quality and sentence difficulty in reading Korean sentences. Participants read sentences or randomly ordered words (non-sentences) in good or poor visual quality and in high or low difficulty. Sentence context effects were measured as the ratio of the speed of reading sentences to the speed of non-sentences. The results from the experiment showed that sentence context effects increased in poor visual quality compared to good visual quality, and increased in low difficulty compared to high difficulty. More importantly, there was an interaction between visual quality and sentence difficulty. Sentence context effects increased in poor visual quality compared to good visual quality at both difficulty levels, but the magnitude of the increase was greater in low difficulty than high difficulty. These results suggest that sentence context may make a greater contribution in the reading of visually degraded sentences, and that this contribution may be amplified when the sentences are easier.
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The Influence of Task-irrelevant motion on Prediction Motion task: Spatial information as a mechanism for Contextual effect
Joo-Ho Lee ; Jong-Ho Nam
pp.189-205
https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2024.36.4.003
초록보기
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of surrounding object motion on the estimation time of prediction motion task. In Experiment 1, we explored the effect of relative speed differences between target and distractor stimuli on prediction motion estimation time. Additionally, we conducted a pre-training session before the main task to examine whether the context effect was cognitive. Context effects were observed in the motion estimation task, and they persisted even after repeated training. In Experiment 2, we investigated whether the context effect was influenced by the distance between moving objects by adding the speed of distractor stimuli to the target stimulus speed. As the distance between moving objects increased, the magnitude of the context effect also increased. In Experiment 3, we manipulated the speed information and position information provided by the surrounding context independently by adding multiple distractor stimuli. Estimation time varied depending on the type of clues available during the observation of motion. This study confirmed that the motion of other objects affects the estimation time of a hidden object’s motion. The results suggest that the global spatial arrangement of objects plays an important role in motion estimation.
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The influence of unit characteristics and cognitive context on numerical information processing
Somin Lim ; Soohyun Cho
pp.207-213
https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2024.36.4.004
초록보기
Abstract
In this study, we examined whether unit characteristics and cognitive context facilitate numerical information processing. In Exp. 1, participants performed a comparison task in which a pair of numerical values (number + unit) were presented. The participants chose the stimulus with the bigger (or smaller) value. Three different units including familiar (currency, length) and unfamiliar (atmospheric pressure) units were used. More efficient performance was observed with familiar units. In Exp. 2, we examined whether picture-induced contextual priming influences the comparison of monetary values or length. Different types of pictures (money, nature, city) were presented to provide cognitive contexts. Contrary to our hypothesis that money pictures will selectively facilitate monetary value comparison, money pictures interfered with both kinds of comparisons. This result may suggest that money pictures can cause negative thoughts and emotions related to economical stress, thereby causing reduction of efficiency in cognitive performance. The present study suggests that numerical information processing can be influenced by the characteristic of units or cognitive context. The present study along with future works will contribute to the discovery of knowledge about optimal ways to present quantitative information (involving units) so that readers or consumers will better process its meaning.
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The Acuities for Number, Area and their Relationships with Math Achievement in 4th and 6th Grade Korean Children
Minkyoung Kim ; Yunji Park ; Soohyun Cho
pp.215-221
https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2024.36.4.005
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Abstract
This study compared number and area acuity between 4th and 6th graders, and examined whether number and area acuity predicts mathematical achievement after controlling for domain-general cognitive abilities. Participants were presented with a pair of dot arrays and were asked to choose the array with either larger set size (numerosity comparison) or cumulative area (area comparison). Within each grade, number and area acuity were significantly correlated. Although, number acuity was significantly higher in 6th compared to 4th graders. area acuity did not differ between grades. Math achievement was significantly predicted by number acuity in 4th, but not in 6th grade. The present study supports the idea that the acuity for continuous magnitude matures earlier than that for numerosity. Taken together with previous studies, our results suggest that number acuity may contribute to earlier mathematical achievement, but not to higher level, mathematical problem solving which requires more domain-general cognitive abilities such as working memory.
Soohyun Cho
pp.223-243
https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2024.36.4.006
초록보기
Abstract
In general, people believe that they make rational decisions based on their preferences or values. But, according to a long history of research, it turns out that preferences and values change according to people’s decisions. Choice-induced preference change (CIPC) refers to the phenomenon in which preferences increase for chosen options and decrease for rejected ones. In the present study, representative studies of CIPC and theories (including cognitive dissonance) proposed to explain its mechanism are introduced. Next, studies that aim to resolve controversies in relation to the conditions required for CIPC and the mechanism of its occurrence are analyzed. These include studies based on brain imaging and other neuroscientific methods that examine the neural bases of CIPC. Finally, a recently discovered phenomenon of choice-induced judgment change (CIJC) is introduced. CIJC refers to the phenomenon in which nonpreference-based judgments (such as perceptual ones) change in accordance with decision making. The observation of CIJC raises the possibility that judgments in general, (not only preference-based) change in accordance with one’s decision making. Based on this discussion, remaining questions and directions for future research are proposed.
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