초록

The current study was carried out in order to define the representation of Korean prefixed nouns in the mental lexicon, as well as compare and contrast the activation patterns of orthographic, morphological, and semantic information as time varies. A masked priming lexical decision task was used in 2 experiments. Experiment 1 consisted of the 3 conditions: (1) morphologically related (e.g., 개망신-개고생), (2) orthographically related (e.g., 개나리-개망신), and unrelated condition (e.g., 화제작-개고생 ). Experiment 2 added a semantically related (e.g., 장마철-먹구름), and identical (e.g., 늦둥이-늦둥이) conditions to the same paradigm. Both experiments had stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) of 57ms, 300ms, and 750ms. The results showed that in experiment 1, a significant early priming effect was shown for orthographically related prime-target pairs, but disappeared as SOA was increased, albeit never showing inhibitory effects. Morphological priming effects were also seen in the early SOA, and significantly increased as the SOA increased. In experiment 2, semantically priming effects were seen starting from the 300ms SOA, and also significantly increased in the latter SOA. While not significant, orthographically related pairs showed a similar pattern to that of experiment 1, morphologically related conditions showed a statistical significance only in the 300ms SOA, and disappeared in the final SOA. Combining the results, we conclude that Korean prefixed nouns follow the morphological decomposition model, and that orthography, morphology, and semantics are all processed independently. Thus, while in the early processing period orthographic and morphological information is activated, the processing activation decreases as time passes, and as time passes, only morphological and semantic information seem to be processed.

Abstract

초록

남성과 여성의 비율인 성비는 인간의 가족 구조, 경제적 행동 등에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 성비가 인간의 선택적 주의에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 확인하고자 하였다. 실험1에서는 성비가 높거나 낮다는 내용으로 꾸며낸 뉴스기사를 집단 별로 읽도록 하여 성비가 각각 남성편향(남성이 여성보다 많음)이거나 여성편향이라고 생각하게 하였다. 이어서 단서 자극의 성별이 각각 동성이거나 이성일 때 시선단서효과의 크기 변화를 확인하였다. 실험 결과, 여성편향 맥락에서 여성이 이성 단서 자극의 주의 유도에 더욱 민감하게 반응하였다. 실험2에서는 남성편향, 여성편향 조건과 더불어 성비 균형 조건을 추가하였다. 기사를 읽도록 한 후 글자 탐사를 이용하여 각 성별 얼굴 자극에 대한 공간적 주의 배분을 측정하였다. 실험 결과, 여성편향 맥락에서 여성이 이성 자극에 대해 상대적으로 더 많은 주의를 할당하였고, 남성편향 맥락에서는 여성이 이성 자극에 대해 상대적으로 더 적은 주의를 할당하였다. 두 실험 모두에서 시각적 주의에 대한 성비의 영향은 여성에게만 나타났다. 여성편향 맥락은 여성이 이성 자극의 주의 유도에 더욱 민감하게 반응하도록 하는 효과와 이성 자극에 대한 시각적 주의를 더 많이 할당하도록 하는 효과가 있었으며, 남성편향 맥락은 여성이 이성 자극에 대한 시각적 주의를 더 적게 할당하도록 하는 효과가 있었다. 이는 기존의 성비 관련 연구에서 보통 남성에게 성비의 효과가 더 크게 나타났던 것과는 대조적인 결과이다. 본 연구는 주의에 대한 성비의 영향을 최초로 확인한 것이며, 성비가 사회 경제적 변인 뿐 아니라 주의 등의 인지 기제에도 영향을 미침을 시사한다.

Abstract

Previous research suggest that sex-ratio has a huge impact on family structure, economic behavior, and more. The current study was conducted to explore the effects of sex-ratio context on human selective attention. In Experiment 1, each of the two experimental groups read two different versions of a fictitious news article: a male-biased version and a female-biased version. Then, the difference in gaze cueing effect between male and female cues was measured. Female participants in the female-biased group showed a greater gaze cueing effect to male cue stimuli than participants in any other group. That is, in a low sex ratio context (i.e., fewer males), women were more sensitive to attentional guidance from the opposite-sex gaze cue. In Experiment 2, using a letter probe task, we measured the distribution of spatial attention and also added a balanced sex-ratio group. The results showed that women assigned more amount of spatial attention to opposite-sex stimuli in a female-biased context, and less amount of spatial attention to opposite-sex stimuli in a male-biased context. The results of both experiments show that only women showed attentional effects of sex-ratio context. Female-biased context caused women to be more sensitive to attentional guidance from the opposite-sex face stimuli and assign more spatial attention to the opposite-sex face stimuli. Women in a male-biased context assigned less spatial attention to the opposite-sex face stimuli. The results are quite different from previous sex-ratio studies which state that males are more influenced by sex-ratio. This study was the first to show the attentional effects of sex-ratio, and implicates that sex-ratio influences not only socio-economic variables, but cognitive mechanisms as well.