- Log In/Sign Up
- P-ISSN1226-9654
- E-ISSN2733-466X
- KCI
ISSN : 1226-9654
The modulating effect of emotional valence on the speed of involuntary attentional capture
Abstract
Emotional information can easily capture our attention compared to neutral information. Evidences suggest that the amount of induced attentional capture is correlated with arousal levels of processed information. On the other hand, the speed (onset latency) of attentional capture seems to be determined by the valence of the emotional information. In this study, the speed of attentional capture between equally high arousing positive and negative stimuli was compared by using the emotion-induced blindness (EIB) procedure, which is suited for measuring temporal changes in attentional effects. In Experiment 1, either a positive or negative word distractor was presented among a rapid stream of neutral words, and a to-be-reported target animal word followed 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, & 8 lags after distractor presentation. In Experiment 2, either a positive or negative distractor was presented among a rapid stream of opposite valence words. The overall results indicate that negative distractors induced a rapid attentional capture response occurring at lags 2 to 4, while positive distractors induced a late attentional capture response, which gradually increased and peaked at lag 5. In conclusion, the emotional valence of distractors determines the speed of attentional capture when compared emotional distractors have similar arousal levels.
- keywords
- attentional capture, emotion, valence, arousal, emotion induced blindness, 주의획득, 정서, 정서적 가치, 각성도, 정서유발맹(EIB)
Reference
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders:DSM-5. ManMag.
Anderson, A. K. (2005). Affective influences on the attentional dynamics supporting awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134(2), 258-281.
Anderson, A. K., & Phelps, E. A. (2001). Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Nature, 411(6835), 305-309.
Arend, I., & Botella, J. (2002). Emotional stimuli reduce the attentional blink in sub-clinical anxious subjects. Psicothema, 14(2), 209-214.
Arnell, K. M., Killman, K. V., & Fijavz, D. (2007). Blinded by emotion: target misses follow attention capture by arousing distractors in RSVP. Emotion, 7(3), 465-477.
Barnard, P., Ramponi, C., Battye, G., & Mackintosh, B. (2005). Anxiety and the deployment of visual attention over time. Visual Cognition, 12(1), 181-211.
Barnard, P. J., Scott, S., Taylor, J., May, J., & Knightley, W. (2004). Paying attention to meaning. Psychological Science, 15(3), 179-186.
Besner, D., & McCann, R. S. (1987). Word frequency and pattern distortion in visual word identification and production: An examination of four classes of models. In M. Coltheart (Ed.), Attention and performance XII:The psychology of reading (pp. 201-219). Hove, England: Erlbaum.
Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: the self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 49-59.
Broadbent, D., & Broadbent, M. (1988). Anxiety and attentional bias: State and trait. Cognition & Emotion, 2(3), 165-183.
Buodo, G., Sarlo, M., & Palomba, D. (2002). Attentional resources measured by reaction times highlight differences within pleasant and unpleasant, high arousing stimuli. Motivation and Emotion, 26(2), 123-138.
Carretié, L., Hinojosa, J. A., Albert, J., & Mercado, F. (2006). Neural response to sustained affective visual stimulation using an indirect task. Experimental Brain Research, 174(4), 630-637.
Castiello, U., & Umiltà, C. (1990). Size of the attentional focus and efficiency of processing. Acta Psychologica, 73(3), 195-209.
Chun, M. M., & Potter, M. C. (1995). A two-stage model for multiple target detection in rapid serial visual presentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21(1), 109-127.
Ciesielski, B. G., Armstrong, T., Zald, D. H., & Olatunji, B. O. (2010). Emotion modulation of visual attention: categorical and temporal characteristics. PLoS ONE, 5(11): e13860. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013860.
Derryberry, D., & Tucker, D. M. (1994). Motivating the focus of attention. In, P. M. Niedenthal & Kitayama (Eds.), The heart’s eye (pp. 167-169). New York: Academic Press.
Easterbrook, J. A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66(3), 183-201.
Eo, K. Y., Joo, S. J., & Chong, S. C. (2013). The effect of signal strength on the attentional blink. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 25(3), 273-291.
Eriksen, C. W., & James, J. D. S. (1986). Visual attention within and around the field of focal attention: A zoom lens model. Perception &Psychophysics, 40(4), 225-240.
Eriksen, C. W., & Yeh, Y. Y. (1985). Allocation of attention in the visual field. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 11(5), 583-597.
Fox, E. (2005). The role of visual processes in modulating social interactions. Visual Cognition, 12(1), 1-11.
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 300-319.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought action repertoires. Cognition &Emotion, 19(3), 313-332.
Huang, Y. M., Baddeley, A., & Young, A. W. (2008). Attentional capture by emotional stimuli is modulated by semantic processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34(2), 328-339.
Jiang, Y., & Chun, M. M. (2001). The spatial gradient of visual masking by object substitution. Vision research, 41(24), 3121-3131.
Johnson, R. C., Thompson, C. W., & Frincke, G. (1960). Word values, word frequency, and visual duration thresholds. Psychological Review, 67(5), 332–342.
Keil, A., & Ihssen, N. (2004). Identification facilitation for emotionally arousing verbs during the attentional blink. Emotion, 4(1), 23-35.
Lee, D., Yeon, J., Hwang, I., Lee, S. (2010). KKMA: A tool for utilizing Sejong Corpus based on relational database. Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters, 16(11), 1046-1050.
MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1988). Anxiety and the allocation of attention to threat. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40(4), 653-670.
MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. (1986). Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(1), 15-20.
Maratos, F. A. (2011). Temporal processing of emotional stimuli: the capture and release of attention by angry faces. Emotion, 11(5), 1242-1247.
Maratos, F. A., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2008). Identification of angry faces in the attentional blink. Cognition and Emotion, 22(7), 1340-1352.
Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1994). Cognitive approaches to emotion and emotional disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 45(1), 25-50.
Mathewson, K. J., Arnell, K. M., & Mansfield, C. A. (2008). Capturing and holding attention:The impact of emotional words in rapid serial visual presentation. Memory & Cognition, 36(1), 182-200.
McHugo, M., Olatunji, B. O., & Zald, D. H. (2013). The emotional attentional blink: what we know so far. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00151.
Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., & Hallowell, N. (1994). Attentional bias to threat: Roles of trait anxiety, stressful events, and awareness. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47(4), 841-864.
Most, S. B., Chun, M. M., Widders, D. M., & Zald, D. H. (2005). Attentional rubbernecking:Cognitive control and personality in emotion-induced blindness. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12(4), 654-661.
Most, S. B., Smith, S. D., Cooter, A. B., Levy, B. N., & Zald, D. H. (2007). The naked truth:Positive, arousing distractors impair rapid target perception. Cognition and Emotion, 21(5), 964-981.
Most, S. B., & Wang, L. (2011). Dissociating spatial attention and awareness in emotion-induced blindness. Psychological science, 22(3), 300-305.
Müller, N. G., Bartelt, O. A., Donner, T. H., Villringer, A., & Brandt, S. A. (2003). A physiological correlate of the “zoom lens” of visual attention. The Journal of Neuroscience, 23(9), 3561-3565.
Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. (2001). Emotion drives attention: detecting the snake in the grass. Journal of Experimental Psychology:General, 130(3), 466-478.
Osgood, C. E. (1952). The nature and measurement of meaning. Psychological Bulletin, 49(3), 197-237.
Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957). The measurement of meaning. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Persons, J. B., Roberts, N. A., & Zalecki, C. A. (2003). Anxiety and depression change together during treatment. Behavior Therapy, 34(2), 149-163.
Pessoa, L., Japee, S., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2005). Visual awareness and the detection of fearful faces. Emotion, 5(2), 243-247.
Pratto, F., & John, O. P. (1991). Automatic vigilance: The attention grabbing power of negative social information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 380-391.
Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., & Arnell, K. M. (1992). Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: An attentional blink?. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance, 18(3), 849-860.
Rowe, G., Hirsh, J. B., & Anderson, A. K. (2007). Positive affect increases the breadth of attentional selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(1), 383-388.
Rozin, P., & Royzman, E. B. (2001). Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(4), 296–320.
Schimmack, U., & Derryberry, D. E. (2005). Attentional interference effects of emotional pictures: threat, negativity, or arousal? Emotion, 5(1), 55-66.
Schneider, E., & Zuccoloto, A. (2007). E-prime 2.0[Computer software]: Pittsburg, PA:Psychological Software Tools.
Smith, N. K., Cacioppo, J. T., Larsen, J. T., & Chartrand, T. L. (2003). May I have your attention, please: Electrocortical responses to positive and negative stimuli. Neuropsychologia, 41(2), 171-183.
Solomon, R. L., & Postman, L. (1952). Frequency of usage as a determinant of recognition thresholds for words. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43(3), 195-201.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI). San Diego, CA: Mindgarden.
Srivastava, P., & Srinivasan, N. (2010). Time course of visual attention with emotional faces. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 72(2), 369-377.
Stein, T., Zwickel, J., Kitzmantel, M., Ritter, J., & Schneider, W. X. (2010). Irrelevant words trigger an attentional blink. Experimental Psychology. 57(4), 301-307.
Stein, T., Zwickel, J., Ritter, J., Kitzmantel, M., & Schneider, W. X. (2009). The effect of fearful faces on the attentional blink is task dependent. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(1), 104-109.
Taylor, S. E. (1991). Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization –minimization hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 67–85.
Wang, L., Kennedy, B. L., & Most, S. B. (2012). When emotion blinds: a spatiotemporal competition account of emotion-induced blindness. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00438.
Williams, J. M. G., Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1996). The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology. Psychological bulletin, 120(1), 3-24.
Yiend, J. (2010). The effects of emotion on attention: A review of attentional processing of emotional information. Cognition and Emotion, 24(1), 3-47.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations