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ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.34 No.1
Abstract
Tolman, Ritchie and Kalish (1946a) showed that rats in a maze could take a shortcut to the goal box when the learned pathway was blocked and several new pathways installed. This finding seemed to reject the behavioristic theory that animals learn specific stimulus-response sequences in maze learning tasks, and provide a strong evidence that rats can have cognitive maps. However, several subsequent studies failed to replicate the finding, which is not generally known among psychologists. This paper aims to help students and young psychologists with strong cognitive orientation take a balanced view on behaviorism by showing that the behavior of rats in Tolman et al. (1946a)'s sunburst maze might be better explained in terms of S-R theory.
Abstract
Using the Reicher-Wheeler paradigm, we examined the word superiority effect (WSE) in the identification of Hangul syllables. To do so, we manipulated lexical properties such as word frequency, syllable frequency and semantic transparency. In Experiment 1, word frequency and target syllable frequency were manipulated. Semantic transparencies were manipulated in Experiment 2. The results of the two experiments showed the robust WSE in perception of Hangul syllables. The WSE was also modulated by word frequency, syllable frequency, and semantic transparency. The word superiority effect was shown to be larger when the word frequency was high, when the syllable frequency was low, and when the semantic transparency was low. The results indicate that the early processes of visual word recognition are modulated by top-down lexical effects.
Abstract
A randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind trial was conducted to test the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the left prefrontal cortex (PFC). Before and after 20-min anodal stimulation, visual judgment and confidence data were collected in a global dot motion perception task. With a signal detection theoretic analysis on an experimental design of the group as a between-participant factor and the test session as a within-participant factor, we found a significant increase of metacognitive efficiency (Mratio = meta-d’/d’) in the stimulation group, but not in the sham group. Visual judgment accuracy, task difficulty, and confidence ratings did not differ either between groups or between test sessions. These results indicate that prefrontal tDCS selectively enhanced metacognitive performance while not affecting visual judgment and confidence bias. The current study provides empirical evidence for the usefulness of tDCS as a training and rehabilitation tool to enhance metacognition.