Abstract

A process-dissociation procedure (Jacoby, 1991) was used to separate automatic and consciously controlled influences of memory in Korean perceptual and conceptual word completion tests, Modality-shift (Exp. 1) and level of processing (Exp. 2) were manipulated at study. Automatic influences of memory (a) were observed at the same modality condition but not observed at the cross modality condition (modality effect) for the perceptual word completion test but (b) were observed at both modality conditions (no modality effect) for the conceptual word completion test and (c) remained invariant across semantic and perceptual processing conditions (no effect of level of processing) for both tests. Controlled influences of memory (a) showed no modality effect and (b) showed effect of level of processing. These results provide evidence that (a) both perceptual and conceptual word completion are often contaminated by consciously controlled influences of memory and (b) automatic influences of memory are highly dependent on perceptual processing at study for the perceptual word completion test but not dependent for the conceptual word completion test and (c) controlled influences of memory are highly dependent on conceptual processing but not dependent on perceptual processing at study for both tests.