바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

ISSN : 1226-9654

논문 상세

다음
논문 투고

Vol.21 No.4
Citation Share

위험결정에서 인지처리수준이 틀 효과에 미치는 영향

Influences of Cognitive Processing Levels on Framing Effects in Decision Making of Risk

한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 / The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, (P)1226-9654; (E)2733-466X
2009, v.21 no.4, pp.249-263
https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2009.21.4.001
이나경 (이화여자대학교)
이영애 (이화여자대학교)
이나경, & 이영애. (2009). 위험결정에서 인지처리수준이 틀 효과에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물, 21(4), 249-263, https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2009.21.4.001
  • 다운로드 수
  • 조회수
PDF 다운로드

초록

위험 선택에서 사람들은 문제가 이득으로 기술되면 위험-회피적인 반응을 하고 동일한 문제가 손실로 기술되면 위험-추구적인 반응을 하는 경향성을 보인다. 틀 효과라고 불리는 이 현상은 판단과 결정짓기 연구에서 가장 많이 연구되고 있는 편향 중의 하나이다. 이중사고체계 이론들은 인지처리 수준이 증가하여 분석적 사고체계가 활성화되면 틀 효과는 사라지거나 감소한다고 주장한다. 이 가설을 검증하기 위하여 우리는 결정자의 인지처리 수준을 변화시킨 후에 다양한 결정 문제들에서 틀 효과를 검증하는 두 개의 실험을 수행하였다. 첫 번째 실험에서 참가자에게 이유에 근거하여 대안을 선택하도록 요구함으로서 결정문제에서 인지처리 수준을 증가시켰다. 통제집단에서 나타나는 생명문제에서의 유의미한 틀 효과가 이유-기반 선택 집단에서는 사라졌다. 두 번째 실험은 무작위로 제시된 낱자들을 기억하는 작업기억 과제를 선택과제와 함께 동시에 수행하도록 하는 정보처리의 부하를 조작하여 결정문제에서의 인지처리 수준을 감소시켰다. 인지부하 조건에서 생명문제 뿐 아니라 자산문제에서도 유의미한 틀 효과가 나타났다. 두 실험 결과들은 이중사고체계 이론의 가설을 지지한다. 인지처리 수준과 틀 효과 사이의 관계에 대한 후속 연구의 필요성에 대하여 논의하였다.

keywords
틀효과, 인지처리 수준, 이중사고체계, 결정짓기, framing effects, cognitive processing levels, dual-process theories, decision making, framing effects, cognitive processing levels, dual-process theories, decision making

Abstract

On problems involving risky choices, people tend to act risk-averse when the problem is framed in terms of gains and risk-seeking when the same problem is instead framed in terms of losses. This refers framing effect and is one of most investigated biases in research of judgment and decision making. Dual-process theories suggest that when analytical thinking system is activated through increasing cognitive processing levels, framing effects disappear or decrease. In order to test this hypothesis, we performed two experiments in which framing effects were investigated in different decision problems after we altered levels of cognitive processing of decision makers. In first experiment the level of cognitive processing was increased through demanding participants to choice options on the basis of reason. Significant framing effects in lives problems found in control group were disappeared in this reason-based group. The second experiment decreased the cognitive processing levels in decision problems through the manipulation of working memory(WM) load during risky decisions so that the choice was made while maintaining a concurrent WM load of random letters. Under cognitive load, not only lives problems but also property problems showed significant framing effects. The results of two experiments support hypothesis of dual-process theories. The need of further subsequent researches about the relationship between levels of cognitive processing and framing effects were discussed.

keywords
틀효과, 인지처리 수준, 이중사고체계, 결정짓기, framing effects, cognitive processing levels, dual-process theories, decision making, framing effects, cognitive processing levels, dual-process theories, decision making

참고문헌

1.

Bloomfield, A. N. (2006). Group size and the framing effect: Threats to human beings and animals. Memory and Cognition, 34(4), 929-937.

2.

Chaiken, S. & Trope, Y. (1999). Dual-process theories in social psychology. New York: Guilford Press.

3.

De Martino, B., Kumaran, D., Seymour, B. & Dolan, R. J. (2006). Frames, biases, and rational decision-making in the human brain. Science, 313, 684-687.

4.

De Neys, W. (2006). Dual processing in reasoning: Two systems but one reasoner. Psychological Science, 17, 428-433.

5.

Epstein, S. (1994). Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49, 709-724.

6.

Evans, J. St. B. T. (2003). In two minds: Dual- process accounts of reasoning. Trends in cognitive sciences, 7, 454-459.

7.

Gonzalez, C., Dana, J., Koshino, H. & Just, M. (2005). The framing effect and risky decisions: Examining cognitive functions with fMRI. Journal of Economic Psychology, 26, 1-20.

8.

Igou, E. R. & Bless, H. (2007). On undesirable of consequences of thinking: Framing effects as a function of substantive processing. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 20, 125-142.

9.

Kahneman, D. & Frederick, S. (2007). Frames and brains: Elicitation and control of response tendencies. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 45-46.

10.

Kühberger, A. (1998). The influence of framing on risky decision: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 75, 23-55.

11.

Kühberger, A., Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. & Perner, J. (1999). The effects of framing, reflection, probability and payoff on risk preference in choice tasks. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 78, 204-231.

12.

Larrick, R. P., Smith, E. E. & Yates, J. F. (1992). reflecting on the reflection effect: Disrupting the effects of framing through thought. Paper presented at meetings of the society for judgment and Decision Making, St Louis, MO, November 1992.

13.

Miller, P. M. & Fagley, N. S. (1991). The effects of framing, problem variations and providing rationale on choice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 517-522.

14.

Peters, E. & Levin, I. P. (2008). Dissecting the risky-choice framing effect: Numeracy as an individual-difference factor in weighting risky and riskless options. Judgment and Decision Making, 3(6), 435-448.

15.

Simon, A. F., Fagley, N. S. & Halleran, J. G. (2004). Decision framing: Moderating effects of individual differences and cognitive processing. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 17, 77-93.

16.

Sloman, A. (1996). The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Review, 119, 3-22.

17.

Smith, S. M. & Levin, I. P. (1996). Need for cognition and choice framing effects. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 9, 283-290.

18.

Stanovich, K. E. & West, R. F. (2000). Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 23, 645-665.

19.

Takemura, K. (1994). Influence of elaboration on the framing of decision. Journal of Psychology, 128, 33-39.

20.

Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and psychology of choice. Science, 211, 453-458.

21.

Wang, X. T. (1996). Framing effects: Dynamics and task domains. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 68, 145-157.

22.

Wang, X. T., Simon, F., & Bredart, S. (2001). Social cues and verbal framing in risky choice. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 14, 1-15.

23.

Whitney, P., Rinehart, C. A. & Hinson, J. M.(2008). Framing effects under cognitive load: The role of working memory in risky decisions. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 15(6), 1179-1184.

24.

Zickar, M. & Highhouse, S. (1998). Looking closer at the effects of framing on risky choice: An item response theory analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 75, 75-91.

한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물

논문 투고 OA 정책