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ISSN : 1226-9654
Review on Amygdala Neural Circuitry of Antinociception: On Actions of Opioids and Endocannabinoids
Abstract
Organisms encountering a threatening environment often express various fear responses including antinociception, or hypoalgesia. Main brian structures or regions responsible for antinociception are the PAG, the RVM and the amygdala that primarily compose the amygdala-brain stem circuitry. Regarding antinociceptive mechanisms of the amygdala that is important for processing negative emotional information, the author has previously suggested a potent neural model mainly focusing on actions by opioid systems. On the other hand, a considerable amount of recent empirical data have shown important contributions of endocannabinoids released in the antinociceptive system including the amygdala to controlling pain in organisms facing environmental stressors. Hence, the present review was processed to reflect this trend of neuropsychology and present a more comprehensive neural model. Important points of the present discussions are as follows. First, activation of neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) that project to the brain stem is the critical factor for producing antinociception from the amygdala, and the activity of the CeA cells is determined by a neural integration between inhibitory and excitatory inputs given from the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA). Second, these inhibitory and excitatory inputs are currently suggested to be regulated by opioids and endocannabinoids that are both released in the BLA under stress, respectively. Third, the present new neural model of amygdala antinociceptive actions gives comprehensive accounts for a variety of characteristics shared by opioids and endocannabinoids, such as functional similarities, synergistic actions and interactions.
- keywords
- antinociception, pain control, amygdala, (endo)cannabinoid, opioid, neural circuitry, 항유해 작용, 통각 조절, 편도체, 카나비노이드, 아편물질, 신경회로
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