바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

ACOMS+ 및 학술지 리포지터리 설명회

  • 한국과학기술정보연구원(KISTI) 서울분원 대회의실(별관 3층)
  • 2024년 07월 03일(수) 13:30
사전등록 바로가기
 

logo

ISSN : 1226-9654

논문 상세

이전
논문 투고

Vol.23 No.1

Citation Share

정서 그림의 회상에서 긍정성효과에 대한 한국 노인과 젊은이의 비교

Comparison of Korean Older and Younger Adults Concerning Positivity Effect in the Recall of Emotional Pictures

한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 / The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, (P)1226-9654; (E)2733-466X
2011, v.23 no.1, pp.171-194
https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2011.23.1.007
박명숙 (전북대학교)
박창호 (전북대학교)
박명숙, & 박창호. (2011). 정서 그림의 회상에서 긍정성효과에 대한 한국 노인과 젊은이의 비교. 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물, 23(1), 171-194, https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2011.23.1.007

초록

본 연구는 한국 노인과 젊은이를 대상으로 그림의 정서가에 따른 회상 수행의 차이를 알아보았다. 긍정성효과는 특히 노인들이 부정적인 정보보다 긍정적인 정보를 더 잘 처리하는 현상을 가리킨다. 실험 1에서는 정적, 부적, 중립 그림들로 이루어진 슬라이드를 보는 동안 세 가지의 부호화과제를 조작하였다. 실험참가자에게 그림을 단순 제시한 통제 조건과, 각 그림의 구도를 평가하게 한 인지초점 조건에서는 젊은이는 부적 그림을 정적 그림보다 많이 기억하는 부적 편향을 보였으나, 노인은 아무 효과도 보이지 않았다. 제시된 그림의 정서가를 평가하게 한 정서초점 조건에서 젊은이뿐만 아니라 노인도 정적 그림을 부적 그림보다 더 많이 기억하는 긍정성효과를 보였다. 실험 2에서는 통제 조건으로 그림을 제시하였는데, 즉시회상 검사의 결과는 실험 1의 통제 조건의 결과와 같았다. 즉시회상 후 다시 20분이 지연된 후에 반복회상 검사를 했을 때, 젊은이는 여전히 부적 편향을 보였음에 비해 노인은 긍정성효과의 경향성을 보였다. 이는 반복 인출을 하는 동안 노인들이 부적 정보보다 정적 정보에 더 많은 주의를 주고 더 정교한 처리를 하였을 가능성을 보여주는 것으로 설명되었다. 끝으로 사회문화적 맥락과 노화에 따른 정서조절 양상의 차이에 대해 논의했다.

keywords
정서기억, 노화, 긍정성효과, 부호화과제, 반복인출, emotional memory, aging, positivity effect, encoding tasks, repeated retrieval

Abstract

In two experiments, this research examined the positivity effect in the emotional memory of Korean older and younger adults. To understand its mechanisms, this research examined age differences in the various encoding conditions and the retrieval condition. Experiment 1 manipulated three (control vs. emotion-focused vs. cognition-focused) encoding conditions during which a series of pictures with positive, negative, and neutral emotional content were presented. In the control condition and cognition-focused condition, older adults recalled a similar number of positive and negative images, whereas younger adults recalled more negative images than positive images. On the contrary, in the emotion-focused condition, older adults as well as younger adults recalled more positive images than negative images. These results suggest that a positivity effect was related to constrains of encoding tasks, particularly those that focus participants on emotional content. Experiment 2 investigated the impact of repeated retrieval on the positivity effect. After viewing a picture slide show, older and younger participants were asked to recall the pictures immediately and the recall test was given again 20 minutes later. The results of immediate recall test were almost the same to those of control condition of experiment 1. In the repeated recall test, older adults recalled marginally more positive images than negative images, whereas younger adults recalled more negative images than positive images. Thus, older adults seem to do more elaborative processing when retrieving positive information than when retrieving negative information. The pattern of this research's results, especially the absence of positivity effect in the control condition, was discussed in relation to the differences of socio-cultural contexts and emotion regulation patterns between Korean and Western cultures.

keywords
정서기억, 노화, 긍정성효과, 부호화과제, 반복인출, emotional memory, aging, positivity effect, encoding tasks, repeated retrieval

참고문헌

1.

고선규, 강효신, 이태호 (2009). 정서 얼굴에 대한 노인의 선택적 주의 과정 특성. 한국심리학회지: 임상. 28, 81-96.

2.

김민희, 민경환 (2004). 노년기 정서경험과 정서 조절의 특징. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 23, 1-21.

3.

박선희 (2010). 자극과 맥락의 정서성이 기억 수행에 미치는 영향: ERP 연구. 전남대학교 대학원 박사학위 청구논문.

4.

유경, 민경환 (2003). 노년기 정서 경험과 적응의 특성: 정서최적화. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 22. 81-97.

5.

유경, 이주일, 강연욱, 박군석 (2009). 노년기 정서경험의 변화와 주관적 안녕감: 종단연구분석. 한국노년학회, 29, 729-742.

6.

이현희, 김은정, 이민규 (2003). 한국판 정적 정서 및 부적 정서 척도(Positive Affect and Nagative Affect Schedule; PANAS)의 타당화 연구, 한국심리학회지: 임상. 22, 935-946.

7.

Agren, M. (1998). Life at 85 and 92: A qualitative longitudinal study of how the oldest old experience and adjust to the increasing uncertainty of existence. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 47, 105-117.

8.

Bernsten, D. (2002). Tunnel memories for autographical events: Central details are remembered more frequently from shocking than from happy experiences. Memory & Cognition, 30, 1010-1020.

9.

Blanchard-Fields, F. (2005). Introduction to the special section on emotion-cognition interactions and the aging mind. Psychology and Aging, 20, 539-541.

10.

Carstensen, L. L. (1995). Evidence for a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 151-156.

11.

Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54, 165-181.

12.

Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Mayr, U., & Nesslroade, J. R. (2000). Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 644-655.

13.

Charles, S. T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2007). Emotion regulation in aging. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 307-327). New York: Guilford.

14.

Charles, S. T., Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and emotional memory: The for gettable nature of negative images for older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132, 310-324.

15.

Charles, S. T., Reynolds, C. A., & Gatz, M. (2001). Age-related differences and change and negative affect over 23 years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 136-151.

16.

Denberg, N. L., Buchanan, T. W., Tranel, T., & Adolphs, R. (2003). Evidence for preserved emotional memory in normal older persons. Emotion, 3, 239-253.

17.

Deihl, M., Coyle, N., & Labouvie-Vief, G. (1996). Age and sex differences in strategies of coping and defense across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 11, 127-139.

18.

Fung, H. H., Isaacowitz, D. M., Lu, A. Y., Wadlinger, H. A., Goren, D. & Wilson, H. R. (2008). Age-related positivity enhancement is not universal: Older Chinese look away from positive stimuli. Psychology and Aging, 23, 440-446.

19.

Fung, H. H., & Ng, S. K. (2006). Age differences in the sixth personality factor: Age differences in interpersonal relatedness among Canadians and Hong Kong Chinese. Psychology and Aging, 21, 810-814.

20.

Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross(Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation(pp. 3-24). New York: Guilford.

21.

Isaacowitz, D. M., Wadlinger, H. A., Goren, D., & Wilson, H. R. (2006). Is there an age-related positivity effect in visual attention? A comparison of two methodologies. Emotion, 6, 511-516.

22.

Kennedy, Q., Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2004). The role of motivation in the age-related positivity effect in autobiographical memory. Psychological Science, 15, 208-214.

23.

Kensinger, E. A., Brierley, B., Medford, N., Growdon, J. H., & Corkin, S. (2002). Effects of normal aging and Alzheimer’'s disease on emotional memory. Emotion, 2, 118-134.

24.

Kensinger, E. A., & Corkin, S. (2003). Alzheimer's disease, In L. Nadel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of cognitive science. London: Macmillan Ltd.

25.

Knight, B. G., Maines, M. L., & Robinson, G. S. (2002). The effects of sad mood on memory in older adults: A test of the mood congruence effect. Psychology and Aging, 17, 653-661.

26.

Knight, M., Seymour, T.L., Gaunt, J.T., Baker, C. Nesmith, K., & Mather, M. (2007). Aging and goal-directed emotional attention: Distraction reverses emotional biases. Emotion, 7, 705-714.

27.

Labouvie-Vief, G. & Medler, M. (2003). Affect optimization and affect complexity: Modes and Styles of regulation in adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 17, 571-588.

28.

Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (Artist) (1995). The International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Photographic slides.

29.

Leigland, L. A., Schulz, L. E., & Janowsky, J. S. (2004). Age related changes in emotional memory. Neurobiology of Aging, 25, 1117-1124.

30.

Li, K. Z. H., & Lindenberger, U. (2002). Relations between aging sensory / sensorimotor and cognitive functions. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 26, 777-783.

31.

Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.

32.

Mather, M. (2006). Why memories may become more positive as people age. In B. Uttl, N. Ohta, & A. L. Siegenthaler (Eds.), Memory and Emotion: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. New York: Blackwell Publishing.

33.

Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and attentional biases for emotional faces. Psychological Science, 14, 409-415.

34.

Mather, M., & Johnson, M. K. (2000). Choice- supportive source monitoring: Do our decisions seem better to us as we age? Psychology and Aging, 15, 506-606.

35.

Mather, M., & Knight, M. (2005). Goal-directed memory: The role of cognitive control in older adults' emotional memory. Psychology and Aging, 20, 554-570.

36.

May, C. P., Rahhal, T., Berry, E. M., & Leighton, E. A. (2005). Aging, source memory, and emotion. Psychology and Aging, 20, 571-578.

37.

McGaugh, J. L. (2004). The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 1-28.

38.

Mikels, J. A., Larkin, G. R., Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., & Cartensen, L. L. (2005). Divergent trajectories in the aging mind: Changes in working memory for affective versus visual information with age. Psychology and Aging, 20, 542-553.

39.

Mroczek, D. K. (2001). Age and emotion in adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 87-90.

40.

Old, S. R., & Naveh-benjamin, M. (2008). Differential effects of age on item and associative measures of memory: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 23, 104-18.

41.

Oxman, T. E., Barrett, J. E., Sengupta, A., & Williams, J. W. (2000). The relationship of aging and dysthymia in primary care. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 8, 318-326.

42.

Rozin, P., & Royzman, E. B. (2001). Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 296-320.

43.

Smith, J., Fleeson, W., Geiselmann, B., Settersten, R. A., & Kunzmann, U. (1999). Sources of well-being in very old age. In P. B. Baltes & K. U. Mayer (Eds.), The Berlin Aging Study: Aging from 70 to 100 (pp.450-471). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

44.

Tsai, J. L., Knutson, B., & Fung, H. H. (2006). Cultural variation in affect valuation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 288-307.

45.

Walker, W. R., Skowronski, J, J., Gibbons, J. A., Vogl, R. J., & Thompson, C. P. (2003) On the emotions that accompany autobiographical memories: Dysphoria disrupts the fading affect bias. Cognition & Emotion, 17, 703-723.

46.

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.

47.

Zacks, R. T., Hasher, L., & Li, K. Z. H. (2000). Human memory. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse(Eds.), The Handbook of Aging and Cognition (2nd Ed., pp.293-357). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물

논문 투고 OA 정책