The Impact of Perceiving Angry and Fearful Facial Expressions on Decision Making Performance in Threat Situations

본 연구에서는 군인들에게 편도체를 안정적으로 활성화시킨다고 알려져 있는 부정적 정서(분노, 공포)를 표현하는 얼굴 자극을 제시한 뒤, 적군과 교전하는 위기상황에서 보이는 판단능력이 어떻게 변화하는지를 분석하였다. 분노 또는 공포의 표정을 3초 동안 제시하고 적군을 탐지하는 과제를 수행하도록 한 결과, 공포표정과 분노표정 조건 간 정확도의 차이는 없었으나 반응시간은 통계적으로 유의미한 수준에서 차이를 보였다. 구체적으로, 공포표정을 제시하였을 때보다 분노표정을 제시하였을 때 반응시간이 더 짧았다. 이러한 결과는 공포와 분노의 정서가 유발하는 행동(예를 들어, 공포-동결, 분노-공격)에 차이가 있기 때문에 발생한 것으로 보인다. 본 연구는 얼굴 표정이 가상적인 적군과의 교전 상황에서 군인들의 판단에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 최초의 연구로서, 공포와 분노의 정보처리와 관련된 신경학적 기전이나 현장에서의 적용가능성을 검토하는 후속 연구를 기대한다.

keywords: 얼굴표정, 편도체, 의사판단, 공포, 분노, facial expressions, amygdala, decision making, fearful, angry

Abstract

The current study utilizes negative emotional facial expressions (fearful, angry) that are known to reliably stimulate the amygdala, and investigates their effects on decision making performance in threat situations. Results indicate that there were no significant differences in terms of accuracy when the subjects were asked to search and respond to enemy troops followed by exposure to fearful versus angry facial expressions for 3 seconds. However, we observed a statistically significant difference in response times. We found that the subjects required less time to respond to the targets when they were exposed to angry facial expressions, compared to when they were exposed to fearful facial expressions. This could be explained by the some of the behavioral consequences of these emotions (angry-aggression, fear-freezing). In sum, while both are categorized as negatively valenced emotions, perceiving either fearful or angry facial expressions can differentially impact a soldier's performance in detecting and responding to enemies in hostile and threatening situations.

keywords: 얼굴표정, 편도체, 의사판단, 공포, 분노, facial expressions, amygdala, decision making, fearful, angry

참고문헌

김민우, 최준식, 조양석 (2011). 고려대학교 얼굴표정모음집(KUFEC)과 의미미분법을 통한 정서차원평정. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 30, 1190-1211.

Adolphs, R., Trane, D., Damasio, A. R., & Damasio, H. (1994). Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala. Lett Nat, 372, 669-672.

Amaral, D. G., Price, J. L., Pitkanen, A., & Carmichael, S. T. (1992). Anatomical organization of the primate amygdaloid complex. In: The amygdala: neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction (Aggleton, J. P., ed). New York, NY: Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Becker, M. W. (2009). Panic search: Fear produces efficient visual search for nonthreatening objects. Psychological Science 20, 4, 435-437.

Bocanegra, B. R., & Zeelenberg, R. (2009). Emotion improves and impairs early vision. Psychological Science 20, 6, 707-713.

Breiter, H. C., Etcoff, N. L., Whalen, P. J., Kennedy, W. A., Rauch, S. L., Buckner, R. L., Strauss, M. M., Hyman, S. E., & Rosen, B. R. (1996). Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron 17, 875-887.

Darwin, C. (1955). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. New York: Philosophical Library.

Davis, M. (1992). The role of the amygdala in conditioned fear. In: Aggleton JP (ed.). The Amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction.. New York: Wiley-Liss Inc.

Davis, F. C., Somerville, L. H., Ruberry, E. J., Berry, A. B. L., Shin, L. M., & Whalen, P. J. (2011). A tale of two negatives: defferential memory modulation by threat-related facial expressions. Emotion, 11, 647-655.

10.

Dimberg, U. (1982). Facial reactions to facial expressions. Psychophysiology, 19, 6, 643-647.

11.

Dimberg, U., & Thunberg, M. (1998). Rapid facial reactions to emotional facial expressions. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 39, 1, 39-45.

12.

Ekman, P. F. (1997). Should we call it expression or communication? Innovations in Social Science Research, 10, 333-344.

13.

Frijda, N. H., & Tcherkassof, A. (1997). Facial expressions as modes of action readiness. In: The psychology of facial expression (Russell, J. A., Fernandez-Dols, J. M., ed). New York: Cambridge University Press.

14.

Hare, T. A., Tottenham, N., Galvan, A., Voss, H. U., Glover, G. H., & Casey, B. J. (2008). Biological substrates of emotional reactivity and regulation in adolescence during an emotional go-nogo task. Biol Psychiatry, 28, 927-934.

15.

Hariri, A. R., Mattay, V. S., Tessitore, A., Kolachana, B., Fera, F., Goldman, D., et al. (2002). Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala. Science, 297, 400-403.

16.

Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. L., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2, 96-99.

17.

Hess, U., Kappas, A., McHugh, G. J., Lanzetta, J. T., & Kleck, R. E. (1992). The facilitative effect of facial expression on the self- generation of emotion. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 12, 3, 251-265.

18.

Kapp, B. S., Frysinger, R. C., Gallagher, M., & Haselton, J. (1979). Amygdala central nucleus lesions: Effects on heart rate conditioning in the rabbit. Physiology and Behavior, 23, 1109- 1117.

19.

Kapp, B. S., Supple, W. F., & Whalen, P. J. (1994). Stimulation of the amygdaloid central nucleus produces EEG arousal. Behavioral Neuroscience, 108, 81-93.

20.

Kim, H., Somerville, L. H., Johnstone, T., Alexander, A. L., & Whalen, P. J. (2003). Inverse amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to surprised faces. Neuroreport, 14, 2317-2322.

21.

Kim, H., Somerville, L. H., Johnstone, T., Polis, S., Alexander, A. L., Shin, L. M., & Whalen, P. J. (2004). Contextual modulation of amygdala responsivity to surprised faces. J Cogn Neurosci, 16, 1730-1745.

22.

Kim M. J., & Whalen, P. J. (2009). The structural integrity of an amygdala-prefrontal pathway predicts trait anxiety. J Neurosci, 29, 11614- 11618.

23.

LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The Emotional Brain. New York: Simon and Shuster.

24.

LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu Rev Neurosci, 23, 155-184.

25.

LeDoux, J. E., Iwata, J., Cicchetti, P., & Reis, D. J. (1988). Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear. Journal of Neuroscience, 8, 2517-2529.

26.

Morris, J. S., Frith, C. D., Perrett, D. I., Rowland, D., Young, A. W., Calder, A. J., et al. (1996). A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions. Nature 383, 812-815.

27.

Pezawas, L., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Drabant, E. M., Verchinski, B. A., Munoz, K. E., Kolachana, B. S., Egan, M. F., Mattay, V. S., Hariri, A. R. & Weinberger, D. R. (2005). 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: a genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nat Neurosci, 8 (6), 828-834.

28.

Phelps, E. A., Ling, S., & Carrasco, M. (2006). Emotion facilitates perception and potentiates the perceptual benefits of attention. Psychological Science, 17, 4, 292-299.

29.

Shariff, A. F., & Tracy, J. L. (2011). What are emotion expressions for? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20 (6), 395-399.

30.

Somerville, L. H., Kim, H., Johnstone, T., Alexander, A. L., & Whalen, P. J. (2004). Human amygdala responses during presentation of happy and neutral faces: correlations with state anxiety. Biol Psychiatry, 55, 897-903.

31.

Whalen, P. J. (1998). Fear, vigilance, and ambiguity: Initial neuroimaging studies of the human amygdala. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7 (6), 177-188.

32.

Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. A. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. J Neurosci, 18, 411-418.

33.

Whalen, P. J., Shin, L. M., McInerney, S. C., Fischer, H., Wright, C. I., & Rauch, S. L. (2001). A functional MRI study of human amygdala responses to facial expressions of fear versus anger. Emotion, 1, 70-83.

34.

Whalen, P. J. & Phelps, E. A. (2009). The Human Amygdala. New York: Guilford Press.

바로가기메뉴

논문 상세

Vol.25 No.4

분노표정과 공포표정의 지각이 위기상황에서의 판단과 대응에 미치는 영향

The Impact of Perceiving Angry and Fearful Facial Expressions on Decision Making Performance in Threat Situations

초록

Abstract

참고문헌

한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물