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ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.26 No.2
Abstract
The present research aims to investigate the top-down influence of individual and collective thinking on the informational processing of peripheral vision. Using a cultural priming task we primed the thinking style of individualism and collectivism for two groups of subjects respectively and conducted two types of change detection tasks with them in Exp 1 and 2. The change detection tasks were embedded in a dual task paradigm with a primary memory task for four numbers presented in the central vision area (visual angle < angle <4°) in order to control subjects’ eye fixation with attentional focus to the central region when perceiving visual stimuli presented in the peripheral vision area. Visual stimuli for the change detection tasks consisted of eight circles with various colors and sizes and were presented in a relatively near distance (visual angle <8°) and a far distance (visual angle <14°) to the central region. When the number stimuli for the memory task were to be disappeared, the change of visual stimuli could be occurred with changes of color saturation and size respectively or both of randomly selected two circles among the presented eight stimuli. We defined the change of the color saturation as the target feature and the size as the distracting features for both change detection tasks in Exp 1 and 2. However, the decision rules for two tasks were different. For the Exp 1 which we named the inclusive change detection task, participants were asked to detect if the change of visual stimuli included the change of target feature, i.e., the change of color saturation. For the Exp 2 named the exclusive change detection task, participants had to detect if only the target feature was changed, otherwise they had to reject all the other cases including the case that the target feature and distracting feature changed simultaneously. In results from Exp 1 and 2, there was a significant priming effect of individualism and collectivism when the visual stimuli was presented in the near distance. Results of Exp 1 showed the better detection performance of the individualism priming group when the target feature was changed, while results of Exp 2 showed the more accurate rejection responses of collectivism priming group when the target and distracting features changed simultaneously. Based on the current results, we insisted that individualism and collectivism do not modulate the range of attentional allocation, but induce different informational processes. Namely, the individualism may facilitate the selective informational process for the information directly related to current task, while the collectivism may increase the distributed informational process for all the information in the situation including distracting information.
Abstract
Attention is considered to be one of the key elements in human cognition. As its name implies, attentional functions are known to be impaired in individuals with Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). However, various studies have investigated different types of attentional deficits among patients with ADHD. The purpose of this review is to take a comprehensive look at evidence on different types of attentional dysfunctions in ADHD. Three different domains of attention are of interest in this review: response inhibition, attentional control, and attentional orienting systems. A number of studies demonstrate that response inhibition and attentional control are major attentional deficits in ADHD. Disengagement and attentional reorienting systems also seem to be impaired. In this review, behavior, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological findings are discussed to understand fundamental attentional deficits in ADHD. Future direction for studies aiming to elucidate and treat attentional deficits in ADHD is also discussed.
Abstract
Service recovery is the actions taken by a service provider with the intention of changing customers' negative impressions on the service to positive ones. The current study reviewed factors to consider when sending an apology email to customers who had bad or unsatisfactory service experiences. Among perceptual factors, pictures, tables, graphs, logos, and bright colors were shown to have positive effects when put in the email. Cultural differences in effective perceptual factors were also examined. Among cognitive factors, the power of contents and monetary rewards were identified as important factors. The results suggest that these factors may have the same effects when used in apology made through other types of media, such as letter, webpage, or SNS. Implications and suggestions are also discussed.
Abstract
Service recovery is the actions taken by a service provider with the intention of changing customers' negative impressions on the service to positive ones. The current study reviewed factors to consider when sending an apology email to customers who had bad or unsatisfactory service experiences. Among perceptual factors, pictures, tables, graphs, logos, and bright colors were shown to have positive effects when put in the email. Cultural differences in effective perceptual factors were also examined. Among cognitive factors, the power of contents and monetary rewards were identified as important factors. The results suggest that these factors may have the same effects when used in apology made through other types of media, such as letter, webpage, or SNS. Implications and suggestions are also discussed.