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Testosterone and Addiction

The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology / The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, (P)1226-9654; (E)2733-466X
2015, v.27 no.3, pp.385-417
https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2015.27.3.004


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Abstract

Recent studies suggest that testosterone may have an effect on the responsiveness of brain reward systems. This notion is based on the organizational effect of prenatal testosterone on developing fetal brain that may permanently influence later behavior. Likewise, the organizational effect of prenatal testosterone may also have effect on neuronal and behavioral responses to reward stimuli later in life. Furthermore, the surge of gonadal steroids at puberty influence reorganization in the brain areas (e.g., striatum, ventral striatum including nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex) that are involved in reward, punishment, motivation, and self-regulation. We reviewed the studies that examined the relationship between sex hormones and addiction. First, testosterone and addiction share common neurophysiology and behavioral similarity. In terms of neurophysiology, testosterone have reinforcing effect by acting on mesolimbic dopamine system that regulate the use of addictive drugs (e.g., alcohol, nicotine, other psychoactive drugs) and other addictive behaviors (e.g., pathological gambling and game addiction). In terms of behavior, high impulsiveness, risk taking, aggression, novelty seeking and sensation seeking associated with high level of testosterone are predictors of addiction. Second, the activation of mesolimbic reward system in response to reward stimuli is moderated by the levels of prenatal and circulating testosterone. Third, 2D:4D ratio and testosterone-dependent behaviors were associated with dopamine receptor genes, particularly with DRD4. These findings implicate that prenatal testosterone may preprogram the sensitivity of brain reward system, and its responsiveness may modulated by the level of circulating testosterone.

keywords
중독 장애, 테스토스테론, 테스토스테론 의존 행동, 보상시스템, 도파민 수용체 유전자 다형성, addictive disorder, testosterone, testosterone-dependent behaviors, reward system, dopamine receptor gene polymorphism.

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