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Vol.36 No.2
Abstract
Whether angry faces are superior to happy faces has been fiercely debated, but it is still difficult to reconcile the literature as previous studies yielded mixed results. For example, angry faces appear to attract more attention resulting in faster reaction times (RTs) and the shallow search slope in a visual search paradigm. However, this high-level account has been questioned by a low-level account claiming that this result is due to low-level visual saliency (e.g., higher contrast between face and teeth color). In the present study, we seek to reconcile the discrepancy between mixed results by manipulating both facial expressions and face-teeth contrast. Specifically, we measured attention effects in both the visual search and cueing paradigms and aimed to tease apart high-level, emotion effects from low-level effects. In the visual search experiment, we found that RTs were faster for angry faces compared to happy faces. Furthermore, faces with higher face-teeth contrast yielded faster RTs compared to faces with lower face-teeth contrast. Critically, there was an interaction between face-teeth contrast and emotion, suggesting that emotion may affect target processing on top of low-level effects during visual search. In the visual cueing experiment, we found that angry faces but not faces with higher face-teeth contrast did capture attention despite being task-irrelevant, bolstering the role of emotion in attention capture. Overall, our findings support the anger superiority effect and suggest the need for a comprehensive model combining emotion and visual features to explain the effect of facial expressions on visual attention.
Abstract
The present study aims to examine the influence of the first syllable frequency of Korean morphologically complex words, known as Eojeol, on the recognition of spoken Eojeol. Three experiments (Experiment 1 to 3) used 170 pairs of tri-syllabic noun Eojeol and illegal Eojeol. The illegal Eojeols were created by substituting syllables of the target Eojeol in each position. Linear mixed-effect analysis was employed to analyze reaction times and accuracy data collected from each experiment, incorporating variables such as the first phonological syllable frequency, root frequency, Eojeol frequency, and stimuli duration. The results consistently revealed a significant inhibitory effect of the first syllable frequency on Eojeol recognition. However, the effects of root frequency and Eojeol frequency displayed distinct patterns across experiments. Interestingly, these findings contradict previous research indicating a facilitative effect of the first syllable in visual Eojeol recognition. Moreover, these results suggest that the Korean first syllable may hinder the recognition of the target Eojeol, particularly if it functions as a phonological unit. In essence, Korean syllables convey different types of information depending on the modality, and the role of the Korean syllable varies accordingly.
Abstract
Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often exhibit difficulties in comprehending irony. Proficient comprehension of irony in daily life necessitates both the recognition and retention of ironic cues. However, prior research on ASD has primarily focused on recognition patterns of figurative language, with limited exploration of memory components. In a previous study by Cho & Kim (2022), children with ASD displayed deficits in memory for both language and facial expression information. However, the significance of these findings remained unclear due to the absence of verification regarding the understanding of intentions. Therefore, this study replicated the experimental procedures of previous research to reassess memory aspects of language and facial expression information in ironic contexts. Additionally, tasks assessing intention comprehension were included to explore the relationship between memory for ironic information and intention comprehension. The results revealed that children with ASD, without intellectual disabilities, exhibited lower accuracy in remembering facial expressions compared to typically developing children. Furthermore, verbal memory accuracy was diminished specifically in ironic situations. Moreover, the ability to comprehend irony in children with ASD was found to be correlated with their verbal memory accuracy. In sum, our results indicate memory deficits in children with ASD concerning both facial expressions and verbal information, particularly in ironic contexts, underscoring the importance of verbal memory in irony comprehension.