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ISSN : 1226-9654

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Vol.22 No.2

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부호화 시 인지적 노력과 기억 왜곡에 대한 경고지시가 오기억에 미치는 영향

The Effect of Cognitive Effort at Encoding and Warning on False Memory in DRM Paradigm

한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 / The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, (P)1226-9654; (E)2733-466X
2010, v.22 no.2, pp.143-159
https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2010.22.2.002
박영신 (고려대학교)
김기중 (가톨릭대학교)
박영신, & 김기중. (2010). 부호화 시 인지적 노력과 기억 왜곡에 대한 경고지시가 오기억에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물, 22(2), 143-159, https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2010.22.2.002

초록

오기억에 대한 경고는 DRM 패러다임에서 오기억을 감소시키는 가장 확실한 방법 가운데 하나이다. 오기억 감소와 관련하여 부호화 과정에서 발생하는 인지적 노력과 오기억에 대한 경고 효과를 검토하기 위해 두 개의 실험이 진행되었다. 각각 52명과 48명이 실험 1과 실험 2에 참가하였다. 실험 1에서는 오기억에 대한 경고 지시와 부호화 시 처리수준이 조작되었다. 경고조건이나 비경고조건에 무선적으로 할당된 참가자들은 학습 단계에서 단어 목록에 대한 호감도 평정을 하거나 단어의 채색된 색깔에 반응해야 했다. 검사단계에서 참가자들에게 재인 검사를 시행하여 오기억율과 실제기억율을 관찰하였다. 실험 1의 결과, 깊은 처리 목록에 비해 얕은 처리 목록에 대해서 경고에 대한 오기억 감소 효과가 더 크게 나타났다. 실험 2에서는 경고 지시와 부호화 시 목록의 산출처리과정이 조작되었다. 참가자들은 학습 단계에서 학습 목록의 절반은 산출처리를 통해, 나머지 절반은 단순한 읽기 처리를 통해 부호화하였다. 실험 1과 마찬가지로 검사단계에서 참가자들은 재인 검사를 받았다. 실험 2의 분석 결과, 산출 처리 목록에 비해 읽기 처리 목록에 대한 경고 지시가 오기억을 효과적으로 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 두 실험의 결과는 DRM 과제에서 목록의 부호화 시 인지적 노력이 적을 때 유인단어에 대한 경고는 오기억을 효과적으로 감소시킬 수 있다는 사실을 제안한다. 이 결과는 오기억에 대한 활성화-모니터링 이론의 입장에서 설명될 수 있다.

keywords
DRM 패러다임, 오기억, 처리수준 이론, 산출 처리과정, 활성화-모니터링 이론, DRM paradigm, level of processing, generative processing, activation-monitoring theory

Abstract

The warning instruction for the memory illusion during DRM task is one of the simple and effective resolutions to avoid false memory about critical lures. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of warning to reduce false memory and cognitive effort at encoding within DRM paradigm. Fifty-two and forty eight volunteers participated in experiment 1 and 2 each. In experiment 1, the warning instruction and level of processing for study lists were manipulated. Participants were randomly assigned in either warning condition or no-warning condition. They were asked to rate pleasantness for the presenting words or to respond the exact color of words. At the test phase, general recognition test was administrated to observe true and false memory. The warning led less false memory for shallow processing lists relative to deep processing ones. In experiment 2, the warning and generative processing were manipulated. As like experiment 1, half of participants were given a demonstration of the memory illusion and were instructed to avoid it before lists presentation. Participants were informed that 40 words or 40 word fragments would be presented and then they were asked to generate or read the words during the study phase. The warning instruction decreased false memory rates more with read items relative to generated items. The results of two experiments suggest that “cognitive effort” at encoding has advantage to reduce false memory and that the warning for memory illusion can decrease false memory more when the effort is less. The theoretical implications of results were discussed based on activation/monitoring framework.

keywords
DRM 패러다임, 오기억, 처리수준 이론, 산출 처리과정, 활성화-모니터링 이론, DRM paradigm, level of processing, generative processing, activation-monitoring theory

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