Interpersonal Style, Frontal Brain EEG Activity and Emotional Responses

본 연구는 대인관계유형에 따른 전전두피질 비대칭성과 정서반응의 차이를 알아보기 위해서 수행되었다. 성인애착유형검사에 의해 실험참가자들은 안정형, 두려움형, 몰입형 및 무시형으로 분류되었고, 기저선기에서 전전두피질 비대칭성(FBA), 심박률(HR) 및 호흡공동부정맥(RSA)이 측정되었다. 그 다음으로 실험참가자들은 FBA, HR 및 RSA가 측정되고 있는 동안 60초간의 휴식 후 애착과 관련된 내용을 포함하고 있는 행복, 공포 및 슬픔 자극에 60초간 노출되었다. 기저선 측정에서 안정형은 두려움형과 무시형에 비해 유의하게 높은 좌측 중전두 활성을 나타내었고, 모든 불안정형 집단들에 비해 유의하게 높은 호흡공동부정맥(RSA)을 나타내었다. 정서자극에 대한 노출 결과를 분석하면, 안정형은 정서자극에 대해 주관적 각성의 증가, 좌측 중전두 영역의 높은 활성 및 낮은 HR과 높은 RSA를 나타내었다. 두려움형은 정서자극에 대해 주관적 각성의 증가, 높은 우측 중전두 활성, 그리고 부정적 정서자극에 대한 높은 HR과 낮은 RSA를 나타내었다. 몰입형은 정서자극에 대해 주관적 각성의 증가, 행복에 대해 높은 좌측 중전두 활성, 그리고 HR의 증가 및 RSA의 증가를 보였으나, 공포에 대해서는 반대 패턴의 FBA와 RSA를 나타내었다. 무시형은 공포에 대해 낮은 각성, 높은 좌측 중전두 활성과 낮은 HR을 나타내었다. 이 결과는 애착경험이 대인상황에서 정서조절의 개인차에 영향을 미치고, 중전두 FBA와 부교감계 활동 수준이 그 개인차의 신경생리적 기반이 될 가능성을 시사해준다.

keywords: 성인애착유형, 전전두피질 비대칭성, 심박률, 호흡공동부정맥, 정서조절, attachment style, secure, fearful/avoidant, preoccupied, avoidant, FBA, HR, RSA

Abstract

This research examined the role of adult attachment style in subjective and neurophysiological aspects of human emotion. Experimental participants were classified into secure, fearful/avoidant, preoccupied and avoidant attachment style by the Relationship Questionnaire. During resting baseline, frontal brain asymmetry(FBA), heart rate(HR) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia(RSA) were recorded. After each 60 sec. rest period, self-reported emotional arousal and pleasantness, FBA, HR, and RSA were analysed while participants watched video-clips inducing happiness, fear and sadness with attachment-related content. At baseline, secure group showed higher left midfrontal activation than avoidant group and showed higher RSA than both fearful/avoidant and preoccupied groups. Secure individuals displayed higher arousal feelings, higher left midfrontal activation, lower HR and higher RSA to emotional video clips. Fearful/avoidant individuals responded to emotional stimuli with higher arousal feelings and higher right midfrontal activation and responded to negative stimuli with higher HR and lower RSA. Preoccupied individuals reported higher aroused subjective experiences to emotional stimuli and showed higher left midfrontal activation, higher HR and RSA to happiness clip, whereas opposite FBA and RSA patterns were observed in response to fear clip. Avoidant individuals responded to fear stimuli with lower arousal feelings, higher left midfrontal activation, and lower HR. These results suggest that attachment experiences could influence individual variability in emotion regulation and modulate underlying neurophysiological processes including FBA and vagal tone.

keywords: 성인애착유형, 전전두피질 비대칭성, 심박률, 호흡공동부정맥, 정서조절, attachment style, secure, fearful/avoidant, preoccupied, avoidant, FBA, HR, RSA

참고문헌

정봉교 (2007). 전두피질 비대칭성, 긍정적 정서 및 접근 동기. 한국심리학회지: 실험, 19, 127-147.

정봉교, 윤병수 (2008). 전두피질 EEG 비대칭성과 부정적 정서조절. 한국심리학회지: 실험, 20, 203-221.

Bartholomew, K. & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244.

Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss(Vol. 1). New York: Basic.

Buss, K. A., Schumacher, J. R., Dolski, I., Kalin, N. H., Goldsmith, H. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2003). Right frontal brain activity, cortisol, and withdrawal behavior in 6-month-old infants. Behavioral Neuroscience, 117, 11-20.

Calkins, S. D., Fox, N. A., & Marshall, T. R. (1996). Behavioral and physiological antecedents of inhibition in infancy. Child Development, 67, 523-540.

Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M. C., Mazziotta, J. C., & Lenzi, G. L. (2003). Neural mechanism of empathy in humans: A relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 100, 5497-5502.

Cassidy, J. & Hazan, P. R. (1999). Handbook of attachment. New York: Guilford Press.

Coan, J. A. & Allen, J. J. B. (2004). Frontal EEG asymmetry as a moderator and mediator of emotion. Biological Psychology, 67, 7-49.

10.

Cohen, M. X. & Shaver, P. R. (2004). Avoidant attachment and hemispheric lateralization of the processing of attachment and emotion -related words. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 799-813.

11.

Davidson, R. J. (2004). What does the frontal cortex “do” in affect: Perspectives on frontal EEG asymmetry research. Biological Psychology, 67, 219-233.

12.

Davidson, R. J. & Fox, N. A. (1989). Frontal brain asymmetry predicts infants' response to maternal separation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 127-131.

13.

Diamond, L. M., & Hicks, A. M. (2005). Attachment style, current relationship security, and negative emotions: The mediating role of physiological regulation. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 499-518.

14.

Feeney, J. A. (1995). Adult attachment and emotional control. Personal Relationships, 2, 143-159.

15.

Fox, N. A., Bell, M. A., & Jones, N. A. (1992). Individual differences in response to stress and cerebral asymmetry. Developmental Neuropsychology, 8, 161-184.

16.

Fox, N. A. & Davidson, R. J. (1987). Electroencephalogram asymmetry in response to the approach of a stranger and maternal separation in 10-month-olds infants. Developmental Psychology, 23, 233-240.

17.

Fraley, R. C. & Shaver, P. R. (2000). Adult romantic attachment: Theoretical developments, emerging controversies, and unanswered questions. Review of General Psychology, 4, 132-154.

18.

Fuster, J. M. (1985). The prefrontal cortex and temporal integration. In A. Peters & E. G. Jones(Eds.), Cerebral cortex: Vol. 4. Association and auditory cortices(pp.151-171). New York: Plenum Press.

19.

Fuster, J. M. (1997). The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe(3rd ed.) Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.

20.

Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measurement of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 430-445.

21.

Horsten, M., Ericson, M., Perski, A., Wamala, S. P., Schenck-Gustafsson, K., & Orth-Gomèr, K (1999). Psychosocial factors and heart rate variability in healthy women. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 49-57.

22.

Iacoboni, M. & Dapretto, M. (2006). The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 942-951.

23.

Magai, C. (1999). Affect, imagery, and attachment: Working models of interpersonal affect and recovery: Conceptual siblings separated at birth? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 42, 117-135.

24.

Main, M. (1991). Metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive monitoring, and singular (coherent) vs. multiple (incoherent) model of attachment: Findings and directions for future research. In C. M. Parkes, J. Stevenson-Hinde, & P. Marris (Eds.), Attachment across the life cycle (pp.127-159). London: Tavistockl Routledge.

25.

McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., Tiller, W. A., Rein, G., & Watkins, A. D. (1995). The effects of emotions on short-term power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability. American Journal of Chronology, 76, 1089-1093.

26.

Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., & Shaver, P. R. (2002). Activation of the attachment system in adulthood: Threat-related primes increase the accessibility of mental representation of attachment figures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 881-895.

27.

Mikulincer, M., & Orbach, I. (1995). Attachment styles and repressive defensiveness: The accessibility and architecture of affective memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 917-925.

28.

Ognibene, T. C. & Collins, N. L. (1998). Adult attachment styles, perceived social support and coping strategies. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 323-345.

29.

Pfeifer, J. H., Iacoboni, M., Mazziotta, J. C., & Dapretto, M. (2008). Mirroring others' emotions related to empathy and interpersonal competence in children. Neuroimage, 16, 331-348.

30.

Porges, S. W. (1992). Vegal tone: A physiological marker of stress vulnerability. Pediatrics, 90, 498-504.

31.

Porges, S. W., Doussard-Roosevelt, J. A., & Maiti, A. K. (1994). Vagal tone and the physiological regulation of emotion. In N. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral considerations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 167-186.

32.

Rognoni, E. R., Galati, D., Costa T., & Crini, M. (2008). Relationship between adult attachment patterns, emotional experience and EEG frontal asymmetry. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 909-920.

33.

Schmidt, L. A., Fox, N. A., Schulkin, J., & Gold, P. W. (1999). Affective dimensions of attachment styles: Exploring self-reported attachment style, gender, and emotional experience among college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 147-158.

34.

Schore, A. N. (1994). Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

35.

Schulte-Ruther, M., Markowitsch, H. J., Fink, G. R., & Piefke, M. (2007). Mirror neuron and theory of mind mechanism involved in face-to-face interactions: A functional magnetic resonance imaging approach to empathy. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 1354-1372.

36.

Searle, B. & Meara, N. M. (1999). Affective dimensions of attachment styles: Exploring self-reported attachment style, gender, and emotional experience among college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 147-158.

37.

Shaver P. R., & Hazen, C. (1993). Adult romantic attachment: Theory and evidence. Advances in Personal Relationships, 4, 29-70.

38.

Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D. K., & John, O. P. (2006). Positive emotion dispositions differentially associated with Big Five personality and attachment style. Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 61-71.

39.

Siegel, D. J. (1999). The developing mind. New York: Guilford.

40.

Simpson, J. A., Collins, W. A., Trans, S., & Hayden, K. C. (2007). Attachment and the experience and expression of emotions in romantic relationships: A developmental perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 355-367.

41.

Simpson, J. A., & Rholes, W. S. (2002). Fearful-avoidance, disorganization, and multiple working models: Some directions for future theory and research. Attachment and Human Development, 4, 223-229.

42.

Snieder, H., Boomsma, D. I., Van Doornen, L. J. P., & De Geus, E. J. C. (1997). Heritability of respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Dependency on task and respiration rate. Psychophysiology, 34, 317-328.

43.

Thayer, J. F., Friedman, B. H., & Borkovec, T. D. (1996). Autonomic characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder and worry. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 255-266.

바로가기메뉴

논문 상세

Vol.22 No.4

대인관계유형에 따른 전전두피질 활동과 정서반응

Interpersonal Style, Frontal Brain EEG Activity and Emotional Responses

초록

Abstract

참고문헌

한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물