바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

ACOMS+ 및 학술지 리포지터리 설명회

  • 한국과학기술정보연구원(KISTI) 서울분원 대회의실(별관 3층)
  • 2024년 07월 03일(수) 13:30
 

logo

노인에 대한 고정관념과 지시망각의 실패

Age stereotypes and the disruption of directed forgetting

한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 / The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, (P)1226-9654; (E)2733-466X
2010, v.22 no.4, pp.529-547
https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2010.22.4.006
신홍임 (연세대학교)
  • 다운로드 수
  • 조회수

초록

본 연구에서는 노인에 대한 고정관념이 활성화된 상황에서 망각지시를 통해 고정관념과 연관된 단어목록에 대한 기억을 억제할 수 있는지를 살펴보았다. 참가자에게 고정관념과 연관된 글 또는 연관되지 않는 글을 읽도록 하여 고정관념의 활성화를 조작한 후 지시망각절차를 사용하여 고정관념 연관 단어목록과 비연관 단어목록에 대한 회상율을 비교하였다. 또한 이중과제를 제시하여 인지부하가 고정관념 단어목록의 지시망각에 주는 영향을 조사했다. 실험결과에서는 단어목록의 주효과로 인해 고정관념 단어목록에 대한 지시망각의 효과를 세분화하여 볼 수 없었으나, 고정관념 비연관 단어목록에 대해서는 고정관념이 활성화되지 않은 상황에서 기억지시조건에 비해 망각지시조건에서 이득효과가 나타났다. 이 결과는 본 연구에서 노인고정관념을 대상으로 반복검증하고자 한 Macrae 등(1997)의 연구와 일치하였다. 후속연구에서는 고정관념과 지시망각에 대한 더 심층적인 탐색을 통해 지시망각절차에 대한 이해를 돕고, 고정관념의 정보처리과정에서 주체의 의도적인 망각시도가 성공적인 효과를 거두기 위해 필요한 요인들을 파악해야 할 것이다.

keywords
고정관념의 활성화, 지시망각, 인출억제, 단어목록, 이중과제, stereotype activation, directed forgetting, retrieval inhibition, word list, secondary task

Abstract

Can people intentionally control their memories, when they are instructed to suppress irrelevant information? What happens when people have been admonished to forget stereotypical information in a stereotype activated situation? This study examined the effects of directed forgetting of stereotypical information by using the list method. Participants studied stereotypical and nonstereotypical words either with an initially activated social category (elderly people prime) or with no social category (neutral prime). They were then instructed to either forget or remember the studied words. Unfortunately, the results showed word list effects so that stereotypical items were overall better recalled than neutral words, regardless of stereotype activation, instruction of directed forgetting and secondary task. However, partly consistent with Macrae et al. (1997), the directed-forgetting effects were not founded for the stereotypical items, when categorical primes were activated, whereas they were obtained for nonstereotypical information in the neutral condition. Implications of the outcome for stereotype suppression are discussed.

keywords
고정관념의 활성화, 지시망각, 인출억제, 단어목록, 이중과제, stereotype activation, directed forgetting, retrieval inhibition, word list, secondary task

참고문헌

1.

신홍임 (2009). 고정관념의 활성화와 지시망각. 2009 한국 심리학회 사회 및 성격 동계학술대회 발표논문집, 93-95.

2.

이영숙, 박경란 (2003). 대학생이 인지하는 남,녀 노인의 고정관념 비교연구. 노인복지연구, 19, 83-109.

3.

Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

4.

Anderson, M. C. (2003). Rethinking interference theory: Executive control and the mechanism of forgetting. Journal of Memory and Language, 49, 415-445.

5.

Araya, T., Akrami, N., & Ekemammar, B. (2003a). Forgetting congruent and incongruent stereotypical information. The Journal of Social Psychology, 143, 433-449.

6.

Araya, T., Ekehammar, B., & Akrami, N. (2003b). Remembering things that never occurred: The effects of to-be-forgotten stereotypical information. Experimental Psychology, 50, 27-32.

7.

Banaji, M. R., & Hardin, C. D. (1996). Automatic stereotyping. Psychological Science, 7, 136- 141.

8.

Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automacity of social behavior: direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244.

9.

Bargh, J. A. (1999). The cognitive monster: The case against the controllability of automatic stereotype effects. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-Process theories in social psychology(pp. 361-382). New York: Guilford Press.

10.

Basden, B. H., Basden, D. R., & Gargano, G. J. (2003). Directed forgetting in implicit and explicit memory tests: A comparison of methods. Journal of experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 603-616.

11.

Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger Ⅲ, & F. I. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving(pp.309-330). Hilsldale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

12.

Bjork, E. L., & Bjork, R. A. (1996). Continuing influences of to-be-forgotten information. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal, 5, 176-196.

13.

Blair, I., & Banaji, M. (1996). Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1142-1163.

14.

Blair, I. V., Ma, J. E., & Lenton, A. P. (2001). Imaging stereotypes away; The moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 828-841.

15.

Conway, M. A., Harries, K., Noyes, J., Racsmany, M., & Frankish, C. R. (2000). The disruption and dissolution of directed forgetting: Inhibitory control of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 43, 409-430.

16.

Dasgupta, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 800-814.

17.

Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and Prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.

18.

Devine, P. G., Plant, E. A., Amodio, D. M., Harmon-Jones, E., & Vance, S. L. (2002). The regulation of explicit and implicit race bias: The role of motivations to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 835-848.

19.

Dunton, B. C., & Fazio, R. H. (1997). An individual difference measure of motivation to control prejudiced reactions. Personality of Social Psychological Bulletin, 23, 316-326.

20.

Filipp, S. H., & Mayer, A. K. (1999). Das Altersstereotyp im Lichte der sozialen Kognitionsforschung. In S. H. Filipp & A. K. Mayer(Hrsg.), Bilder des Alters. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.

21.

Freeman, J. B., & Ambady, N. (2009). Motions of the hand expose the partial and parallel activation of stereotypes. Psychological Science, 20, 1183-1188.

22.

Geiselman, R. E., & Bagheri. B. (1985). Repetition effects in directed forgetting: Evidence for retrieval inhibition. Memory and Cognition, 13, 57-62.

23.

Gilbert, D. T., & Hixon, J. G. (1991). The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 509-517.

24.

Golding, J. M., Long, D. L., & MacLeod, C. M. (1994). You can't always forget what you want: directed forgetting of related words. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 493-510.

25.

Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.

26.

Johnson, H. M. (1994). Processes of successful intentional forgetting. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 274-292.

27.

Heckhausen, J., Dixon, R. A., & Baltes, P. B. (1989). Gains and losses in development through adulthood as perceived by different adult age groups. Developmental Psychology, 25, 109-121.

28.

Hense, R. L, Penner, L. A., & Nelson, D. L. (1995). Implicit memory for age stereotypes. Social Cognition, 13, 399-415.

29.

Hummert, M. L. (1990). Multiple stereotypes of elderly and young adults: A comparison of structure and evaluations. Psychology and Aging, 5, 182-193.

30.

Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., Shaner, J. L., & Strahm, S. (1994). Stereotypes of the elderly held by young, middle-aged, and elderly adults. Journal of Gerontology, 49, 240-249.

31.

Macrae, C. N., Milne, A. B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (1994). Stereotypes as energy-saving devices: A peek inside the cognitive tool box. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 37-47.

32.

Macrae, C. N., Stangor, C., & Milne, A. B. (1994). Activating social stereotypes: A functional analysis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 370-389.

33.

Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B., & Wheeler, V. (1996). On resisting the temptation for simplification: Counterintentional effects of stereotype suppression on social memory. Social Cognition, 14, 1-20.

34.

Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B., & Ford, R. L. (1997). On regulation of recollection: The intentional forgetting of stereotypical memories. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 72, 709-719.

35.

Macrae, C. N., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2000). Social cognition: Thinking categorically about others. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 93-120.

36.

MacLeod, C. M. (1999). The item and list methods of directed forgetting: Test differences and the role of demand characteristics. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 6, 123-129.

37.

Monteith, M. J. (1993). Self-regulation of prejudiced responses: Implications for progress in prejudice-reduction efforts. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 65, 469-485.

38.

Moskowitz, G. B., Gollwitzer, P. M., Wasel, W., & Schaal, B. (1999). Preconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 167-184.

39.

Moskowitz, G. B., & Ignarri, C. (2009). Implicit volition and stereotype control. European View of Social Psychology, 20, 97-145.

40.

Perdue, C. W., & Gurtman, M. B. (1990). Evidence for the automaticity of ageism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 199-216.

41.

Rajaram. S. (1996). Perceptual effects on remembering: Recollective processes in picture recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 365-377.

42.

Rudman, L. A., Ashmore, R. D., & Gary, M. L. (2001). “Unlearning” automatic biases: The malleability of implicit prejudices and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 856-868.

43.

Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic Process of mental control. Psychological Review, 101, 34-52.

44.

Wentura, D., Drager, D., & Brandtstadter, J. (1997). Altersstereotype im fruhen und hoheren Erwachsenenalter. Analyse akkomodativer Veranderungen anhand einer Satzpriming- Technik. Zeitschrift fur Sozialpsychologie, 28, 1090-1128.

45.

Wenzlaff, R. M., & Wegner, D. M. (2000). Thought suppression. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 59-91.

46.

Zacks, R. T., & Hasher, L. (1994). Directed ignoring: Inhibitory regulation of working memory. In D. Dagenbach & T. Carr (Eds.), Inhibitory mechanisms in attention, memory, and language (pp.241-254). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물