- 권한신청
- P-ISSN1226-9654
- E-ISSN2733-466X
- KCI
유동 지능에 따른 인지 제어 관련 뇌 활동의 차이 분석
The Neural Mechanism of Cognitive Control as a Function of Individual Differences in Fluid Intelligence
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초록
본 연구는 유동 지능(fluid intelligence)의 개인차에 따라 추론 중의 인지 제어(cognitive control) 기제와 관련한 뇌 활동이 어떻게 조절되는지를 알아보았다. 본 연구에서는 인지적 간섭의 강도가 세 단계로 조작된 유추 추론 (analogical reasoning) 과제가 사용되었다. 인지적 간섭(cognitive interference)의 강도가 높은(낮은) 시행에서는 올바른 추론을 위해 간섭 해결을 위한 인지 제어가 더 많이(적게) 필요하였다. 실험 1에서는 인지적 간섭의 강도에 따른 행동적 수행의 변화가 확인되었다. 피험자들은 인지 제어가 많이 필요한 추론 시행의 경우 그렇지 않은 경우와 비교하여 더 많은 오류를 범했으며 문제 풀이 시간도 길었다. 실험 2에서는 기능적 자기 공명 영상 기기(fMRI)를 이용하여 추론 중 간섭을 해결하기 위한 인지 제어 기능이 강하게 요구될 때 유동 지능이 높은 피험자들에게서 활동 수준이 더 크게 증가하는 뇌 영역을 관찰하였다. 유동 지능이 높을수록 유추 추론 시 인지 제어가 강하게 요구될 때, 양반구의 전 대상 피질(anterior cingulate cortex), 시각 피질(visual cortex), 내측 전두극(medial frontal pole), 우반구의 외측 전전두 피질(lateral prefrontal cortex), 중뇌(midbrain)의 복측 피개 영역(ventral tegmental area) 등에서 뇌 혈류 수준이 더 크게 증가하였다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 맥락의 인지 제어 및 추론 시에 활동이 증가하는 것으로 알려진 외측 전전두 피질과 전 대상 피질, 시각 피질이, 추론 중 인지 제어 기제의 작용과도 관련될 뿐 아니라 유동 지능이 높을수록 그 활동 수준의 증가량이 크다는 것이 확인되었다. 한편, 일반적으로 인지 과제 수행 시에 활동 수준이 기저선보다 저하되는(deactivate) 영역에 속하는 내측 전전두 피질(medial prefrontal cortex)은 유동 지능이 높을수록 활동 수준이 덜 억제(less deactivate) 되었다. 이는 정보 처리의 역량이 우수한 피험자는 인지 과제 수행 시에도 뇌의 초기 모드 활동이 지속될 수 있다는 기존의 이론을 뒷받침한다.
- keywords
- fluid intelligence, fMRI, reasoning, individual differences, cognitive control, 유동 지능, 기능성 자기 공명 영상, 추론, 인지 제어, 개인차
Abstract
The present study examined how individual differences in fluid intelligence modulates the neural mechanism of cognitive control during reasoning. A four term verbal analogical reasoning task was used with a variation in the degree to which cognitive control was needed to overcome interference from semantic relationships between words. During trials entailing strong cognitive interference, there was a stronger need for cognitive control. In Experiment 1, subjects made more errors and took longer to solve analogies when there was a greater need for cognitive control. In Experiment 2, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate the relationship between individual differences in fluid intelligence and the neural mechanism of cognitive control. Individuals with a higher fluid intelligence engaged bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, visual cortex, medial frontal pole, right lateral prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia and the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain to a greater extent when the need for cognitive control increased. These results indicate that fluid intelligence modulates the activity of the lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and the visual cortex which are commonly activated across various studies of cognitive control and reasoning and that individuals with higher fluid intelligence showed elevated activity levels in these regions. On the other hand, the medial prefrontal cortex which is one of the commonly deactivated regions of the brain showed less deactivation in individuals with higher fluid inteligence. This finding supports previous studies proposing that the default mode activity of the brain may be sustained during task performance in individuals with a high capacity for information processing.
- keywords
- fluid intelligence, fMRI, reasoning, individual differences, cognitive control, 유동 지능, 기능성 자기 공명 영상, 추론, 인지 제어, 개인차
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