The effect of signal strength on the attentional blink

주의 깜박임 현상은 기억 혹은 주의의 용량 제한 때문에 발생하는 상위 영역 현상으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 최근의 주의 깜박임 연구들은 자극의 현저성과 같은 하위 영역 특징 또한 주의 깜박임 현상에 영향을 미친다는 것을 관찰하였다. 본 연구는 작업기억 용량 제한뿐만 아니라 자극의 하위 영역 특징도 주의 깜박임 현상에 영향을 미친다는 주의 단계 모델을 검증하고자 하였다. 구체적으로, 하위 영역의 특징들 중 T2의 신호 강도를 조절하여 주의 깜박임 현상에 영향을 미치는지 여부를 조사하였다. 실험 1에서는 단순한 방위 탐지 과제도 주의 깜박임 현상을 발생시킬 수 있다는 것을 관찰하였다. 실험 2에서는 방위 탐지 과제(실험 2-1)와 숫자 탐지 과제(실험 2-2)를 사용하여 T2의 신호 강도가 주의 깜박임 정도를 변화시킴을 관찰하였다. T2의 신호 강도에 따라 주의 깜박임 정도가 달라질 수 있다는 본 연구의 결과는 하위 영역 특징도 주의 깜박임 현상에 영향을 미친다는 주의 단계 모델을 지지한다.

keywords: 주의 깜박임, 주의 단계 모델, 신호 강도, the attentional blink, an attentional cascade model, signal strength

Abstract

The attentional blink (AB) is a high-level phenomenon that is known to occur due to capacity limitations in memory or limited resources in attention. Recent studies, however, have shown that low-level visual features such as the bottom-up saliency of a stimulus can also influence the AB. In this study, we investigated the validity of an attentional cascade model which is based on the assumption that both working memory and bottom-up saliency will influence the AB. More specifically, we manipulated the signal strength, one of low-level features, of the second target (T2) and investigated its effect on the AB. In Experiment 1, we were able to observe that a simple orientation detection task produced the AB, suggesting that the AB can occur even for simple orientation stimuli. In Experiment 2, it was observed that the amount of the AB was modulated by the signal strength of T2 both in the orientation detection task (Experiment 2-1) and in the digit detection task (Experiment 2-2). Through these results, it was shown that the AB can be regulated by the signal strength of T2. Furthermore, the result for which the effect of the AB varies depending on the signal strength of T2 supports the validity of the attentional cascade model.

keywords: 주의 깜박임, 주의 단계 모델, 신호 강도, the attentional blink, an attentional cascade model, signal strength

참고문헌

김장진, 김민식 (2012). 과제와 무관한 색의 통일성이 순간적 주의 상실에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지 인지 및 생물, 24 (3), 281- 293.

Atchley, P., Kramer, A. F., & Hillstrom, A. P. (2000). Contingent capture for onsets and offsets: Attentional set for perceptual transients. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26, 594- 606.

Arnold, D. H., Grove, P. M., & Wallis, T. S. A. (2007). Staying focused: A functional account of perceptual suppression during binocular rivalry. Journal of Vision, 7, 1-8.

Blake, R., Tadin, D., Sobel, K. V., Raissian, T. A., & Chong, S. C. (2006). Strength of early visual adaptation depends on visual awareness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 4783-4788.

Brainard, D. H. (1997). The Psychophysics Toolbox. Spatial Vision, 10, 433-436.

Cavanaugh, J., & Wurtz, R. H. (2004). Subcortical modulation of attention counters change blindness. The Journal of Neuroscience, 24 (50), 11236-11243.

Chua, F. K. (2005). The effect of target contrast on the attentional blink. Perception & Psychophysics, 67, 770-788.

Chun, M. M., & Potter, M. C. (1995). A two-stage model for multiple target detection in rapid serial visual presentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 109-127.

Di Lollo, V., Kawahara, J., Shahab Ghorashi, S. M., & Enns, J. T. (2005). The attentional blink: resource depletion or temporary loss of control? Psychological Research, 69, 191-200.

10.

Duncan, J. (1998). Converging levels of analysis in the cognitive neuroscience of visual attention. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 353, 1307-1317.

11.

He, S., Cavanagh, P., & Intriligator, J. (1996). Attentional resolution and the locus of visual awareness. Nature, 383, 334-337.

12.

Joo, S. J., & Chong, S. C. (2013). Effects of subtle stimulus strength on the attentional blink. Perception, 42, 28-33.

13.

Joseph, J. S., Chun, M. M., & Nakayama, K. (1997). Attentional requirements in a ‘preattentive’ feature search task. Nature, 387, 805-807.

14.

Kanwisher, N., G. (1987). Repetition blindness: Type recognition without token individuation. Cognition, 27, 117-143.

15.

Kastner S, & Ungerleider L. G. (2000). Mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 315- 341.

16.

Kothe, A. C., & Regan, D. (1990). Crowding depends on contrast. Optometry and Vision Science, 67, 283-286.

17.

Kovacs, I., Papathomas, T. V., Yang, M. & Feher, A. (1996). When the brain changes its mind: interocular grouping during binocular rivalry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 15508-15511.

18.

Levelt, W. (1965). On binocular rivalry. The Hague: Mouton.

19.

Logothetis, N. K., Leopold, D. A., & Sheinberg, D. L. (1996). What is rivalling during binocular rivalry? Nature, 380, 621-624.

20.

Luck, S. J., Vogel, E. K., & Shapiro, K. L. (1996). Word meanings can be accessed but not reported during the attentional blink. Nature, 383, 616-618.

21.

Moran, J., & Desimone, R. (1985). Selective attention gates visual processing in the extrastriate cortex. Science, 229, 782-784.

22.

Nakayama, K., & Mackeben, M. (1989). Sustained and transient components of focal visual attention. Vision Research, 29 (11), 1631-1647.

23.

Pelli, D. G. (1997). The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: transforming numbers into movies. Spatial Vision, 10, 437-442.

24.

Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., & Arnell, K. M. (1992). Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: an attentional blink? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 849-860.

25.

Scott-Brown, K. C., & Orbach, H. S. (1998). Contrast discrimination, non-uniform patterns and change blindness. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B, 265, 2159- 2166.

26.

Shapiro, K. L., Raymond, J. E., & Arnell, K. M. (1994). Attention to visual pattern information produces the attentional blink in rapid serial visual presentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20, 357-371.

27.

Shih, S., & Reeves, A. (2007). Attentional capture in rapid serial visual presentation. Spatial Vision, 20 (4), 301-315.

28.

Shih, S. (2008). The attention cascade model and attentional blink. Cognitive Psychology, 56, 210-236.

29.

Treisman, A., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 16, 97-136.

30.

Tyler, C. W. (1997). Colour bit-stealing to enhance the luminance resolution of digital displays on a single pixel basis. Spatial Vision, 10, 369-377.

31.

Vogel, E. K., Luck, S. J., & Shapiro, K. L. (1998). Electrophysiological evidence for a postperceptual locus of suppression during the attentional blink. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 1656-1674.

32.

Watson, A. B., & Pelli, D. (1983). QUEST: a Bayesian adaptive psychometric method. Perception and Psychophysics, 33, 113-120.

33.

Watson, D. G., & Humphreys, G. W. (1995). Attention capture by contour onsets and offsets: no special role for onsets. Perception & Psychophysics, 57, 583-597.

34.

Wright, M. J. (2005). Saliency predicts change detection in pictures of natural scenes. Spatial Vision, 18, 413-430.

35.

Zhang, P., Jamison, K., Engel, S., He, B., & He, S. (2011). Binocular rivalry requires visual attention. Neuron, 71 (2), 362-369.

바로가기메뉴

논문 상세

Vol.25 No.3

자극의 신호강도가 주의 깜박임 현상에 미치는 영향

The effect of signal strength on the attentional blink

초록

Abstract

참고문헌

한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물