The Fidelity of Representations in Visual Working Memory Assessed by a Consecutive-Change Detection Task

시각작업기억 내 저장된 정보와 차이가 있는 시각 자극의 출현에 의한 현저한 변화는 해당 변화가 발생한 위치로 주의를 전환시키는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 변화에 대한 성공적 탐지 이후 시각작업기억 표상의 상태에 대한 연구는 드물었다. 이러한 점에 착안해, 본 연구에서는 기억항목 제시 이후 두 검사 항목 배열들이 연이어 제시되는 연속변화탐지 과제를 고안하였다. 기억항목의 제시 이후 출현하는 첫 번째 검사항목 배열은 특정 한 항목에서 변화가 발생할 수 있었으며, 잠시 후 이어 제시되는 두 번째 검사항목 배열 또한 한 항목에서 변화가 발생할 수 있었다. 부분 혹은 전체 탐사 방식에 근거한 두 검사 항목 배열에 모두 변화가 발생했을 때 각각 변화는 동일하거나 서로 다른 위치에 발생하도록 처치되었다. 실험 결과 첫 번째 검사 배열에 변화가 발생한 경우 두 번째 검사 배열에 대한 변화 탐지가 부정확해졌으며, 정확도 감소는 전체 탐사 방식아래 두 배열의 서로 다른 위치에 변화가 발생했을 때 더욱 두드러졌다. 이러한 결과는 선행 변화에 대한 탐지가 뒤따르는 변화에 대한 탐지를 어렵게 만들기는 하나, 이러한 어려움은 시각작업기억의 표상 공고성의 결여 자체보다는 반응 병목이 원인인 것으로 해석된다.

keywords: 시각작업기억, 연속변화탐지, 반응 병목, 표상 공고성, visual working memory, consecutive-change detection, response bottleneck, representational fidelity

Abstract

A salient change arising from a mismatch between information in visual working memory (VWM) and a visual stimulus has been known to trigger a shift of attention to the location of the change. However, little is known about what occurs to the memory representation in VWM once after the mismatch was successfully detected. In order to address this issue, we devised a consecutive-change detection task where two successive sets of test items were presented after a single set of memory items. In the task, the single memory array was followed by the first test array either with or without a changed item. After a brief interval, the second test array followed the first test array, again either with or without a changed item. When the first and second test arrays both had changes, the changes would have occurred at the same or different locations, and the test arrays were manipulated to have either partial or whole probes. Detection of the change in the second test array went inaccurate if the first array had a change, and this relative impairment was more evident when those two changes occurred across different locations on the tests arrays of whole probes. The results indicate that detection of a preceding visual change can disrupt detection of another subsequent change, and also suggests the impairment may owe to a response bottleneck rather than the lack of representational fidelity per se in VWM.

keywords: 시각작업기억, 연속변화탐지, 반응 병목, 표상 공고성, visual working memory, consecutive-change detection, response bottleneck, representational fidelity

참고문헌

한지은, 현주석 (2011). 역행 차폐를 통해 본 시각작업기억의 공고화 및 비교처리 과정. 인지과학, 22(4), 365-384.

현주석 (2009). 기억 표상과 지각적 입력 간 비교 과정을 통해 본 시각작업기억 표상의 특성. 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물, 21(4), 265-282.

Baddeley A. D. (1986). Working Memory. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press

Barrouillet, P., Bernardin, S., & Camos, V. (2004). Time constraints and resource sharing in adults' working memory spans. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(1), 83-100.

Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and brain sciences, 24(1), 87-114.

Cowan, N., Elliott, E. M., Scott Saults, J., Morey, C. C., Mattox, S., Hismjatullina, A., & Conway, A. R. (2005). On the capacity of attention: Its estimation and its role in working memory and cognitive aptitudes. Cognitive psychology, 51(1), 42-100.

Cusack, R., Lehmann, M., Veldsman, M., & Mitchell, D. J. (2009). Encoding strategy and not visual working memory capacity correlates with intelligence. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 16(4), 641-647.

Griffin, I. C., & Nobre, A. C. (2003). Orienting attention to locations in internal representations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 1176-1194.

Hollingworth, A. (2003). Failures of retrieval and comparison constrain change detection in natural scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29(2), 388-403.

10.

Hollingworth, A., & Henderson, J. M. (2002). Accurate visual memory for previously attended objects in natural scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28(1), 113-136.

11.

Hollingworth, A., & Maxcey-Richard, A. M. (2012). Selective maintenance in visual working memory does not require sustained visual attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, Advance online publication.

12.

Hyun, J.-S., Woodman, G. F., Vogel, E. K., Hollingworth, A., & Luck, S. J. (2009). The comparison of visual working memory representations with perceptual inputs. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35(4), 1140-1160.

13.

Irwin, D. E. (1991). Information integration across saccadic eye movements. Cognitive psychology, 23(3), 420-456.

14.

Irwin, D. E. (1992). Memory for position and identity across eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18(2), 307-317.

15.

Ikkai, A., McCollough, A. W., & Vogel, E. K. (2010). Contralateral delay activity provides a neural measure of the number of representations in visual working memory. Journal of Neurophysiology, 103(4), 1963-1968.

16.

Johnson, J. S., Hollingworth, A., & Luck, S. J. (2008). The role of attention in the maintenance of feature bindings in visual short-term memory. Journal of experimental psychology: Human perception and performance, 34(1), 41-55.

17.

Luck, S. J., & Vogel, E. K. (1997). The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions. Nature, 390(20), 279-281.

18.

Makovski, T., Sussman, R., & Jiang, Y. V. (2008). Orienting attention in visual working memory reduces interference from memory probes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 369-380.

19.

Peterson, L., & Peterson, M. J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of experimental psychology, 58(3), 193-198.

20.

Phillips, W. A. (1974). On the distinction between sensory storage and short-term visual memory. Perception & Psychophysics, 16(2), 283-290.

21.

Simons, D. J., & Levin, D. T. (1997). Change blindness. Trends in cognitive sciences, 1(7), 261- 267.

22.

Vogel, E. K., Woodman, G. F., & Luck, S. J. (2001). Storage of features, conjunctions, and objects in visual working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27(1), 92-114.

23.

Vogel, E. K., Woodman, G. F., & Luck, S. J. (2006). The Time Course of Consolidation in Visual Working Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32(6), 1436-1451.

바로가기메뉴

논문 상세

Vol.25 No.3

연속변화탐지 과제를 통해 추정된 시각작업기억의 표상 공고성

The Fidelity of Representations in Visual Working Memory Assessed by a Consecutive-Change Detection Task

초록

Abstract

참고문헌

한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물