바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

ISSN : 1226-9654

Article Contents

Prev Next
e-Submission

Vol.25 No.3

Citation Share

Effects of Schema on Memories of Incomprehensible Events

The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology / The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, (P)1226-9654; (E)2733-466X
2013, v.25 no.3, pp.329-340
https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2013.25.3.005
(Department of Psychology, La Sierra University)
(2013). Effects of Schema on Memories of Incomprehensible Events. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 25(3), 329-340, https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2013.25.3.005

Abstract

This study examined the role of schema in facilitating memory for schema-relevant information experienced prior to the acquisition of the schema. Participants watched a video clip with no sound (to make it more incomprehensible), with or without a short description given before or after the video. Immediately, one week, or one month later, participants were asked to recognize the scenes by choosing familiar pictures out of schema relevant or schema irrelevant picture pool. Results showed that schema gained subsequent to specific events have positive and negative effects on the memory of the events. Implication to delayed recall for traumatic events, recovered memory of previously unrecallable events, and plausibility of planting false memory were discussed.

keywords
Event memory, Schema, Picture recognition, False memory, 사건기억, 도식, 사진재인, 오류기억

Reference

1.

Anderson, R. C., & Pearson, P. D. (1984). A schema-theoretic view of basic processes in reading comprehension. In P. D. Pearson, R. Barr, M. L. Kamil, & P. Mosenthal (Eds.), Handbook of reading research. New York: Longman.

2.

Anderson, R. C., Pichert, J. W. (1978). Recall of previously unrecallable information following a shift in perspective. Journal of Verbal and Verbal Behavior, 17, 1-12.

3.

Anderson, R. C., Pichert, J. W., & Shirey, L. L. (1983). Effects of the reader’s schema at different points in time. Journal of Educational Psychology, 75, 271-279.

4.

Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

5.

Besken, M., & Gülgöz, S. (2009). Reliance on schemas in source memory: Age differences and similarity of schemas. Aging, Neuropsychology, & Cognition, 16, 1-21, doi: 10.1080/ 13825580802175650

6.

Block, S. D., Shestowsky, D., Segovia, D. A., Goodman, G. S., Schaaf, J. M., & Alexander, K. W. (2011). “That never happened”: Adults’ discernment of children’s true and false memory reports. Law and Human Behavior, Nov. 1-11, doi:10.1037/h0093920

7.

Bransford, J. D., & Johnson, M. K. (1972). Contextual prerequisites for understanding: Some investigations of comprehension and recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Behavior, 11, 717-726.

8.

Brewer, W. F., & Nakamura, G. V. (1984). The nature and functions of schemas. In R. W. Wyer, Jr., & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol.10) (pp.119-160). Hillsdale, NJ: LEA.

9.

Bruck, M., & Ceci, S. J. (1999). The suggestibility of children’s memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 419-439.

10.

Ceci, S. J., Kulkofsky, S., Klemfuss, J. Z., Sweeney, C. D., & Bruck, M. (2007). Unwarranted assumptions about children’s testimonial. The Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 311-318.

11.

Costanzo, M., & Krauss, D. (2012). Forensic and legal psychology. New York, NY: Worth Publishers.

12.

Davidson, D., & Hoe, S. (1993). Children’s recall and recognition memory for typical and atypical actions in script-based stories. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 55, 104-126.

13.

Hess, T. M., & Flannagan, D. A. (1992). Schema-based retrieval processes in young and older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 47, 52-58.

14.

Hyman, I. E., & Loftus, E. F. (2002). False childhood memories and eyewitness memory errors. In M. Eisen, & J. Quas (Eds.), Memory and suggestibility in the forensic interview (pp.63-84). Mahwah, NJ: LEA.

15.

Kardash, C. A. M., Royer, J. M., & Greene, B. A. (1988). Effects of schema on both encoding and retrieval of information from prose. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 324-329.

16.

Kirk, E. R., Lynn, S. J., Payne, D. G., Krackow, El., & McCrea, S. M. (1999). Expectancies and memory: Inferring the past from what must have been. In I. Kirsch (Ed.), How expectancies shape experience (pp.93-124). Washington D. C.: American Psychological Association.

17.

Loftus, E. F. (1979). Eyewitness testimony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

18.

Loftus, E. F. (1993). Made in memory: Distortions in recollection after misleading information. In D. L. Medin (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in theory and research (pp.187-215). New York: Academic Press.

19.

Loftus, E. F. (2000). Remembering what never happened. In E. Tulving (Ed.), Memory, consciousness, and the brain: The Tallinn Conference (pp.106-118). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.

20.

Loftus, E. F., & Polage, D. C. (1999). Repressed memories: When are they real? How are they false? Psychiatric Clinics of North America Special Issue: Forensic Psychiatry, 22(1), 61-70.

21.

Payne, D. G., Elie, C. J., Blackwell, J. M., & Neuschatz, J. S. (1996). Memory illusions: recalling, recognizing, and recollecting events that never occurred. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 261-285.

22.

Pezdek, K., & Hodge, D. (1999). Planting false childhood memories in children: The role of event plausibility. Child Development, 70(4), 887-895.

23.

Pezdek, K. (2001). A cognitive analysis of the role of suggestibility in explaining memories for abuse. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma Special Issue, 4(2), 73-85.

24.

Pichert, J. W., & Anderson, R. C. (1977). Taking different perspectives on a story. Journal of Educational Psychology, 69, 309-315.

25.

Stark, C. E. L., Okado, Y., & Loftus, E. F. (2010). Imaging the reconstruction of true and false memories using sensory reactivation and the misinformation paradigms. Learning and Memory, 17, 485-488, doi:10.1101/lm. 1845710

26.

Underwood, J., & Pezdek, K. (1998). Memory suggestibility as an example of the sleeper effect. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5(3), 449-453.

27.

Wynn, V. E., & Logie, R. H. (1998). The veracity of long-term memories- Did Bartlett get it right? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12(1), 1-20.

The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology

e-Submission OA Policy