바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

ISSN : 1226-9654

Article Contents

Prev Next
e-Submission

Vol.28 No.2
Citation Share

Memory Enhancement Effect of Unsuccessful Retrieval according to Relatedness and Difficulty of Memory Materials

The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology / The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, (P)1226-9654; (E)2733-466X
2016, v.28 no.2, pp.367-379
https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2016.28.2.009




& (2016). Memory Enhancement Effect of Unsuccessful Retrieval according to Relatedness and Difficulty of Memory Materials. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 28(2), 367-379, https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2016.28.2.009
  • Downloaded
  • Viewed
PDF Download

Abstract

This study is conducted to confirm the influence of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, difficulty and relatedness between memory materials, on memory enhancement effect of unsuccessful retrieval. For this purpose, memory materials, the word pairs, are classified into four categories according to difficulty(2) and relatedness(2). The words of pairs have similar frequency of use. Then, participants learned the materials attempting unsuccessful retrieval and the results are measured as Recollection rates. The experiment is designed as between participants for difficulty(2) and relatedness(2), so two-way ANOVA between groups is performed. As a result, main effects of difficulty and relatedness are significant in both immediate and delayed recall test. Specifically, recollection rates of low difficulty group are better than high group and the rates of high relatedness group are better than low group. In addition, aspects of the rates for difficulty and relatedness are similar both in the immediate and delayed test. It means both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of memory materials, difficulty and relatedness, influence on memory enhancement effect of unsuccessful retrieval, even in delayed test condition.

keywords
Unsuccessful Retrieval, Memory Enhancement Effect, Recollection Rates, 틀린 인출, 기억촉진효과, 회상률

Reference

1.

국립국어연구원 (2003). 한국어 학습용 어휘목록 [On-line], Available: http://www.korean.go.kr/front/etcData/etcDataView.do?mn_id=46&etc_seq=71&pageIndex=1

2.

Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 2, 89-195.

3.

Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 8, 47-89.

4.

Browne, B. A., & Cruse, D. F. (1988). The incubation effect: Illusion or illumination? Human Performance, 1(3), 177-185.

5.

Cattell, J. M. (1886). The time it takes to see and name objects. Mind, 11(41), 63-65.

6.

Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82(6), 407-428.

7.

Cuddy, L. J., & Jacoby, L. L. (1982). When forgetting helps memory: An analysis of repetition effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 21(4), 451-467.

8.

Diekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2010). The memory function of sleep. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(2), 114-126.

9.

Ebbinghaus, H. (1885). Über das gedächtnis:untersuchungen zur experimentellen psychologie. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.

10.

Glover, J. A. (1989). The “testing” phenomenon:Not gone but nearly forgotten. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(3), 392.

11.

Grimaldi, P. J., & Karpicke, J. D. (2012). When and why do retrieval attempts enhance subsequent encoding? Memory & Cognition, 40(4), 505-513.

12.

Hintzman, D. L. (1984). MINERVA 2: A simulation model of human memory. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 16(2), 96-101.

13.

Huelser, B. J., & Metcalfe, J. (2012). Making related errors facilitates learning, but learners do not know it. Memory & Cognition, 40(4), 514-527.

14.

Jacoby, L. L. (1978). On interpreting the effects of repetition: Solving a problem versus remembering a solution. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17(6), 649-667.

15.

Kane, J. H., & Anderson, R. C. (1978). Depth of processing and interference effects in the learning and remembering of sentences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 626-635.

16.

Karpicke, J. D., & Grimaldi, P. J. (2012). Retrieval-based learning: A perspective for enhancing meaningful learning. Educational Psychology Review, 24(3), 401-418.

17.

Karpicke, J. D., & Roediger, H. L. (2008). The critical importance of retrieval for learning. Science, 319(5865), 966-968.

18.

Kornell, N. (2014). Attempting to answer a meaningful question enhances subsequent learning even when feedback is delayed. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40(1), 106.

19.

Kornell, N., Hays, M. J., & Bjork, R. A. (2009). Unsuccessful retrieval attempts enhance subsequent learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(4), 989.

20.

Kornell, N., Klein, P. J., & Rawson, K. A. (2015). Retrieval attempts enhance learning, but retrieval success (versus failure) does not matter. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41(1), 283.

21.

Legge, E. L., Madan, C. R., Ng, E. T., & Caplan, J. B. (2012). Building a memory palace in minutes: Equivalent memory performance using virtual versus conventional environments with the Method of Loci. Acta Psychologica, 141(3), 380-390.

22.

Miller, G. (2012). How Are Memories Retrieved? Science, 338(6103), 30-31.

23.

Potts, R., & Shanks, D. R. (2014). The benefit of generating errors during learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(2), 644.

24.

Pressley, M., Tanenbaum, R., McDaniel, M. A., & Wood, E. (1990). What happens when university students try to answer prequestions that accompany textbook material? Contemporary Educational Psychology, 15, 27-35.

25.

Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006). Test-enhanced learning taking memory tests improves long-term retention. Psychological Science, 17(3), 249-255.

26.

Runquist, W. N. (1986). The effect of testing on the forgetting of related and unrelated associates. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie, 40(1), 65.

27.

Seay, S. S., & McAlum, H. G. (2010). The use/application of mnemonics as a pedagogical tool in auditing. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 14(2), 33-47.

28.

Slamecka, N. J., & Fevreiski, J. (1983). The generation effect when generation fails. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 153-163.

29.

Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643.

30.

Woollett, K., & Maguire, E. A. (2011). Acquiring “the Knowledge” of London's layout drives structural brain changes. Current Biology, 21(24), 2109-2114.

The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology

e-Submission OA Policy