바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

ISSN : 1226-9654

Article Contents

Prev Next
e-Submission

Vol.28 No.3
Citation Share

Effect of anxiety levels and processing levels on memory bias for emotional stimuli

The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology / The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, (P)1226-9654; (E)2733-466X
2016, v.28 no.3, pp.479-493
https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2016.28.3.005




& (2016). Effect of anxiety levels and processing levels on memory bias for emotional stimuli. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 28(3), 479-493, https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2016.28.3.005
  • Downloaded
  • Viewed
PDF Download

Abstract

On the relation between anxiety and memory, past studies using implicit memory tasks reported memory bias for emotional (threat) stimuli regardless of anxiety levels. However, the results from studies using explicit memory tasks are not converging. The present study investigated how memory bias for emotional stimuli in conscious level would be manifested depending on anxiety level, in addition to the past theory arguing the memory bias is originated by automatic processing. We classified our participants into four groups according to anxiety level (high/low) and processing level (perceptual/semantic) and administerd free recall test for two types of stimuli (threatening/neutral). Low-anxiety group exhibited memory bias for threatening stimuli only in the semantic processing condition. On the other hand, high anxiety group showed memory bias for threatening stimuli in both perceptual and semantic processing conditions. These results not only confirm the previous theory of memory bias for emotional stimuli by automatic processing, but also show memory bias can be measured in explicit processing, and suggest that these two mechanisms could work in different way depending on anxiety levels.

keywords
불안, 외현기억, 기억편향, 처리수준, 정서자극, anxiety, explicit memory, memory bias, level of processing, emotional stimuli

Reference

1.

Amir, N., Foa, E. B., & Coles, M. (2000). EImplicit memory bias for threat-relevant information in individuals with generalized social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(4), 713-720.

2.

Bae, G. Y., & Kim, Y. H. (1997). The effects of anxiety and depression on implicit and explicit memory. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 16(2), 119-132.

3.

Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. (1979). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. NY: Basia Books.

4.

Becker, E., Rinck, M., & Margraf, J. (1994). Memory bias in panic disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(2), 396-399.

5.

Bradley, M. M., Greenwald, M. K., Petry, M. C., & Lang, P. J. (1992). Remembering pictures:Pleasure and arousalin memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18(2), 379-390.

6.

Brainard, D. H. (1997). The psychophysics toolbox. Spatial Vision, 10, 443-446.

7.

Choi, A. Y., Hwang, S. T., Kim, J. H., Park, K. B., Chey, J. Y., & Hong, S. H. (2012). K-WAIS-IV. Daegu: Korea Psychology.

8.

Choi, A. Y., Hwang, S. T., Kim, J. H., Park, K. B., Chey, J. Y., & Hong, S. H. (2014). Validity of the K-WAIS-IV short forms. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(2), 413-428.

9.

Clark, D. A., Beck, A. T., & Brown, G. (1989). Cognitive mediation in general psychiatric outpatients: A test of the content-specificity hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(6), 958-964.

10.

Coles, M. E., & Heimberg, R. G. (2002). Memory biases in the anxiety disorders: Current status. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(4), 587-627.

11.

Coles, M. E., Turk, C. L., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Memory bias for treat in generalized anxiety disorder: the potential importance of stimulus relevance. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 36(2), 65-73.

12.

Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671-684.

13.

Craik, F. I. M., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104(3), 268-294.

14.

Dalgleish, T., & Watts, F. N. (1990). Biases of attention and memory in disorders of anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 10(5), 589-604.

15.

Ehlers, A., Margraf, J., Davies, S., & Roth, W. T. (1988). Selective processing of threat cues in subjects with panic attacks. Cognition and Emotion, 2(3), 201-219.

16.

Hahm, J. S., & Lee, J. H. (2012). Attentional bias for threat stimuli in high-trait anxious individuals: using eye-tracker. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31(1), 355-371.

17.

Hahn, D. W., Tak, J. K., & Lee, C. H. (1993). Standardization of Spielberger’s STAI. Annual Meeting of Korean Psychology Association, 1, 505-512.

18.

Hayes, S., & Hirsch, C. R. (2007). Information processing biases in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Psychiatry, 6(5), 176-182.

19.

Kensinger, E. A., & Corkin, S. (2003). Memory enhancement for emotional words: Are emotional words more vividly remembered than neutral words?. Memory & Cognition, 31(8), 1169-1180.

20.

Kim, E. J., & Hyun, M. H. (2007). The effect of trait anxiety and repressive personality on implicit and explicit meory. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26(1), 107-124.

21.

Kim, K. M., Yi, D. J., Yang, E. J., & Lee, K. H. (2007). What makes repressors good suppression?: The effect of trait anxiety. Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 26(2), 261-277.

22.

Lee, H. C., & Chang, Y. H. (1996). Emotion and Memory. Korean Journal of Cognitive Science, 7(3), 61-80.

23.

Libkuman, T. M., Nichols-Whitehead, P., Griffith, J., & Thomas, R. (1999). Sources of arousal and memory for detail. Journal of Memory &Cognition, 27(1), 166-190.

24.

Lim, S. L., & Kim, J. H. (2005). Cognitive Processing of Emotional Information in Depression, Panic, and Somatoform Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 114(1), 50-61.

25.

Lundh, L. G., Czyzykow, S., & Ost, L. G. (1997). Explicit and implicit memory bias in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(11), 1003-1014.

26.

MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. (1986). Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(1), 15-20.

27.

MacLeod, C., & McLaughlin, K. (1995). Implicit and explicit memory bias in anxiety: A conceptual replication. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(1), 1-14.

28.

Mathews, A., Mogg, K., May, J., & Eysenck, M. (1989). Implicit and explicit memory bias in anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98(3), 236-240.

29.

Mogg, K., Mathews, A., & Weinman, J. (1987). Memory bias in clinical anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96(2), 94-98.

30.

Moon, E. O., & Park, T. J. (2011). Effects of emotional valence and probability on ERPs in an oddball task using affective pictures. Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 23(1), 123-138.

31.

Nunn, J. D., Stevenson, R., & Whalan, G. (1984). Selective memory effects in agoraphobic patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23(3), 195-201.

32.

Oh, S. J., & Oh, K. J. (2011). The effect of anxiety on explicit memory bias: Cognitive avoidance of threat words and preferential processing of uncertain words. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30(1), 39-54.

33.

Olofsson, J. K., Nordin, S., Sequeira, H., & Polich, J. (2008). Affective picture processing:An integrative review of ERP findings. Biological Psychology, 77(3), 247-265.

34.

Otto, M. W., McNally, R. J., Pollack, M. H., Chen, E., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (1994). Hemispheric laterality and memory bias for threat in anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(4), 828-831.

35.

Pelli, D. G. (1997). The video toolbox software for visual psychophysics: transforming numbers into movies. Spatial Vision, 10(4), 437-442.

36.

Pickles, A. J., & van den Broek, M. D. (1988). Failure to replicate evidence for phobic schemata in agoraphobic patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27(3), 271-272.

37.

Shin, M. Y., & Hyun, M. H. (2007). Time-course of attentional bias for threatening stimulus in anxiety-prone individual. Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 26(2), 207-223.

38.

Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, California: Consulting Psychologist Press.

39.

Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80(5), 352-373.

40.

Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition . Bloomington, MN:Pearson

41.

Wells, A., & Matthews, G. (1994). Attentions and emotion: A clinical perspective . Hove, UK:Erlbaum.

42.

Yuille, J, C., & Custhall, J. L. (1986). A case study of eyewitness memory of a crime. Jounal of Applied Psychology, 71(2), 291-301.

The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology

e-Submission OA Policy