- P-ISSN1226-9654
- E-ISSN2733-466X
- KCI
자폐 스펙트럼 장애 집단 대상 인종-수반 표정 잔여효과 탐색
Race-contingent facial expression aftereffect in Autism Spectrum Disorder
정경미 (연세대학교)
곽의현 (연세대학교)
김효원 (울산대학교)
초록
본 연구에서는 자폐 스펙트럼 장애 집단을 대상으로 인종에 따른 표정 잔여효과를 탐색함으로써, 규준 기반 코딩의 결함과 얼굴 지각 경험의 관련성을 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 첫째, 정상발달 성인 집단을 대상으로 인종-수반 표정 잔여효과가 나타나는지 확인하여 순응 패러다임을 검증하고, 둘째, 자폐 스펙트럼 장애를 가진 아동․청소년 집단과 지능, 연령을 매칭한 정상발달 아동․청소년 집단을 대상으로 집단 간 인종-수반 표정 잔여효과 패턴을 비교하였다. 연구 I에서는 종합대학교에 재학 중인 대학생 48명을 대상으로 아시아인과 백인 두 조건으로 구성된 표정 순응 과제를 실시하였다. 참가자들은 각 인종 조건에 대해 반대 표정 자극에 순응한 후 중립 표정 자극에 대해 어떤 표정으로 보이는지 응답하였다. 연구 II에서는 만 9세에서 16세의 자폐 스펙트럼 장애 아동 및 청소년 16명과 성별, 연령 및 지능을 매칭한 정상발달 아동 및 청소년 16명을 대상으로 표정 순응 과제를 실시하였다. 결과, 연구 I에서는 국내 정상발달 성인 집단에서 동인종 잔여효과가 타인종 잔여효과에 비해 더욱 크게 나타났으며, 인종-수반 잔여효과와 사회적 기술 간 유의한 정적 상관이 보고되었다. 연구 II의 결과, 아동 및 청소년 연령대의 자폐 스펙트럼 장애 집단과 정상발달 집단 간 인종-수반 잔여효과 패턴에 차이가 나타나지 않았으며, 두 집단 모두 인종 간 잔여효과의 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 그러나 자폐 스펙트럼 장애 집단은 정상발달 집단에 비해 인종 조건에 상관없이 전반적으로 작은 표정 잔여효과를 보였다. 본 연구 결과는 자폐 스펙트럼 장애 집단에서 규준 기반 코딩의 상대적 어려움이 존재함을 보여주나, 지각 경험과 규준 기반 코딩의 관련성에 대해서는 성인 집단을 대상으로 추가적인 조사가 필요함을 시사한다.
- keywords
- 자폐 스펙트럼 장애, 규준 기반 코딩, 잔여효과, 얼굴 인식, 인종, autism spectrum disorder, norm-based coding, aftereffect, face recognition, race
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between norm-based coding and visual experience by examining race-contingent facial expression aftereffect in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The study I investigated whether the race-contingent expression aftereffect takes place in 48 typically developing (TD) adults. The study II compared the performance of 16 high functioning children with ASD and 16 matched (aged and IQ) TD children. All participants were asked to judge the expression of the neutral face after adapting to the anti-expression face in both Asian and Caucasian conditions. In the study I, TD adults showed significantly larger aftereffect in same-race condition than other-race condition. In the study II, no significant interaction was found between groups and race conditions. However, ASD children showed significantly larger aftereffect than TD children regardless of race conditions. The implication and the limitation of the study is further discussed.
- keywords
- 자폐 스펙트럼 장애, 규준 기반 코딩, 잔여효과, 얼굴 인식, 인종, autism spectrum disorder, norm-based coding, aftereffect, face recognition, race
참고문헌
Adolphs, R., Gosselin, F., Buchanan, T. W., Tranel, D., Schyns, P., & Damasio, A. R. (2005). A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature, 433(7021), 68-72.
Anderson, N. D., & Wilson, H. R. (2005). The nature of synthetic face adaptation. Vision Research, 45, 1815-1828.
Anzures, G., Quinn, P. C., Pascalis, O., Slater, A. M., Tanaka, J. W., & Lee, K. (2013). Developmental origins of the other-race effect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 173-178.
Armann, R., Jeffery, L., Calder, A. J., & Rhodes, G. (2011). Race-specific norms for coding face identity and a functional role for norms. Journal of Vision, 11, 1-14.
Ashwin, C., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., O'Riordan, M., & Bullmore, E. T. (2007). Differential activation of the amygdala and the ‘social brain’ during fearful face-processing in Asperger Syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 45, 2-14.
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001). The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): Evidence from asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, malesand females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 5-17.
Barton, J. J., Hefter, R. L., Cherkasova, M. V., & Manoach, D. S. (2007). Investigations of face expertise in the social developmental disorders. Neurology, 69, 860-870.
Boucher, J., & Lewis, V. (1992). Unfamiliar face recognition in relatively able autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 843-859.
Bruce, V., Campbell, R. N., Doherty-Sneddon, G., Langton, S., McAuley, S., & Wright, R. (2000). Testing face processing skills in children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18, 319-333.
Constantino, J. N., & Gruber, C. P. (2012). Social responsiveness scale (SRS). Torrance: Western Psychological Services.
Dawson, G., Webb, S. J., & McPartland, J. (2005). Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: Insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27, 403-424.
Diamond, R., & Carey, S. (1986). Why faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 107-117.
Dufour, V., Pascalis, O., & Petit, O. (2006). Face processing limitation to own species in primates: A comparative study in brown capuchins, Tonkean macaques and humans. Behavioural Processes, 73, 107-113.
Eo, K. Y., & Chong, S. C. (2011). Gender aftereffects from mental imagery of faces and individual differences. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 23, 355-373.
Ewing, L., Pellicano, E., & Rhodes, G. (2013). Atypical updating of face representations with experience in children with autism. Developmental Science, 16, 116-123.
Farran, E. K., Branson, A., & King, B. J. (2011). Visual search for basic emotional expressions in autism; Impaired processing of anger, fear and sadness, but a typical happy face advantage. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5, 455-462.
Gastgeb, H. Z., Rump, K. M., Best, C. A., Minshew, N. J., & Strauss, M. S. (2009). Prototype formation in autism: Can individuals with autism abstract facial prototypes?. Autism Research, 2, 279-2840.
Gastgeb, H. Z., Wilkinson, D. A., Minshew, N. J., & Strauss, M. S. (2011). Can individuals with autism abstract prototypes of natural faces?. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 1609-1618.
Gauthier, I., & Nelson, C. A. (2001). The development of face expertise. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 11, 219-224.
Greimel, E., Schulte-Rüther, M., Kircher, T., Kamp-Becker, I., Remschmidt, H., Fink, G. R., ..., & Konrad, K. (2010). Neural mechanisms of empathy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and their fathers. Neuroimage, 49, 1055-1065.
Gresham, F. M., & Elliott, S. N. (1990). Social skills rating system: Manual. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
Gwinn, O. S., & Brooks, K. R. (2013). Race-contingent face aftereffects: A result of perceived racial typicality, not categorization. Journal of Vision, 13, 1-11.
Harms, M. B., Martin, A., & Wallace, G. L. (2010). Facial emotion recognition in autism spectrum disorders: A review of behavioral and neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychology Review, 20, 290-322.
Herba, C., & Phillips, M. (2004). Annotation: Development of facial expression recognition from childhood to adolescence: Behavioural and neurological perspectives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1185-1198.
Hudepohl, M. B., Robins, D. L., King, T. Z., & Henrich, C. C. (2015). The role of emotion perception in adaptive functioning of people with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 19, 107-112.
Humphreys, K., Minshew, N., Leonard, G. L., & Behrmann, M. (2007). A fine-grained analysis of facial expression processing in high-functioning adults with autism. Neuropsychologia, 45, 685-695.
Jaquet, E., Rhodes, G., & Hayward, W. G. (2008). Race-contingent aftereffects suggest distinct perceptual norms for different race faces. Visual Cognition, 16, 734-753.
Jeffery, L., Rhodes, G., McKone, E., Pellicano, E., Crookes, K., & Taylor, E. (2011). Distinguishing norm-based from exemplar-based coding of identity in children: Evidence from face identity aftereffects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 37, 1824-1840.
Jung, D. Y., & Chung, K. M. (2015). The face identity discrimination according to the adaptation with the average face in children with ASD and TD. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biologcal Psychology, 27, 777-803.
Juricevic, I., & Webster, M. (2012). Selectivity of face aftereffects for expressions and anti-expressions. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 1-10.
Kim, M. H., Chung, K. M., Rhee, M. A., Ryu, C. J., Won, S. C., & Shin, Y. J. (2011). Discrepancy between parent and child report on quality of life and behavioral problems in child and adolescent cancer survivors and healthy control group. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 16, 483-500.
Law Smith, M. J., Montagne, B., Perrett, D. I., Gill, M., & Gallagher, L. (2010). Detecting subtle facial emotion recognition deficits in high-functioning autism using dynamic stimuli of varying intensities. Neuropsychologia, 48, 2777- 2781.
Leopold, D. A., O'Toole, A. J., Vetter, T., & Blanz, V. (2001). Prototype-referenced shape encoding revealed by high-level aftereffects. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 89-94.
Leopold, D. A., & Rhodes, G. (2010). A comparative view of face perception. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 124, 233-251.
Little, A. C., DeBruine, L. M., & Jones, B. C. (2005). Sex-contingent face after-effects suggest distinct neural populations code male and female faces. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 272(1578), 2283-2287.
Little, A. C., DeBruine, L. M., Jones, B. C., & Waitt, C. (2008). Category contingent aftereffects for faces of different races, ages and species. Cognition, 106, 1537-1547.
Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., & Risi, S. (2002). Autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic (ADOS-G) manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 659-685.
McPartland, J. C., Webb, S. J., Keehn, B., & Dawson, G. (2011). Patterns of visual attention to faces and objects in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 148-157.
Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7, 3-35.
Mondloch, C. J., Geldart, S., Maurer, D., & Le Grand, R. (2003). Developmental changes in face processing skills. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 86, 67-84.
Mondloch, C. J., & Thomson, K. (2008). Limitations in 4‐year‐old children’s sensitivity to the spacing among facial features. Child Development, 79, 1513-1523.
Moon, S. W. (2002). The validity and utility of the Korean version of social skill rating system (K-SSRS: College Level). The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 14, 655-679.
Nishimura, M., Maurer, D., & Gao, X. (2009). Exploring children’s face-space: A multidimensional scaling analysis of the mental representation of facial identity. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 103, 355-375.
Nowicki, S., & Duke, M. P. (1992). The association of children's nonverbal decoding abilities with their popularity, locus of control, and academic achievement. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 153, 385-393.
Nowicki, S., & Duke, M. P. (1994). Individual differences in the nonverbal communication of affect: The Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy Scale. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 18, 9-35.
Oh, K. J., & Pae, D. H. (2002). Recognition of emotional expression and psychosocial adjustment of children and adolescents. The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 21, 515-532.
O'Toole, A. J., Peterson, J., & Deffenbacher, K. A. (1996). An ‘other-race effect’ for categorizing faces by sex. Perception, 25, 669-676.
Palermo, R., Jeffery, L., Lewandowsky, J., Fiorentini, C., Irons, J. L., Dawel, A., ..., & Rhodes, G. (2018). Adaptive face coding contributes to individual differences in facial expression recognition independently of affective factors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 44, 503-517.
Park, E. H., Ghim, H. R., Cho, K. J., & Koo, J. S. (2009). Individual differences in empathizing and systemizing. The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology, 14, 269-286.
Pascalis, O., de Haan, M., & Nelson, C. A. (2002). Is face processing species-specific during the first year of life?. Science, 296(5571), 1321-1323.
Pellicano, E., Jeffery, L., Burr, D., & Rhodes, G. (2007). Abnormal adaptive face-coding mechanisms in children with autism spectrum disorder. Current Biology, 17, 1508-1512.
Philip, R. C. M., Whalley, H. C., Stanfield, A. C., Sprengelmeyer, R., Santos, I. M., Young, A. W., ..., & Hall, J. (2010). Deficits in facial, body movement and vocal emotional processing in autism spectrum disorders. Psychological Medicine, 40, 1919-1929.
Pimperton, H., Pellicano, E., Jeffery, L., & Rhodes, G. (2009). The role of higher level adaptive coding mechanisms in the development of face recognition. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 104, 229-238.
Pollak, S. D., Messner, M., Kistler, D. J., & Cohn, J. F. (2009). Development of perceptual expertise in emotion recognition. Cognition, 110, 242-247.
Rhodes, G. (2017). Adaptive coding and face recognition. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26, 218-224.
Rhodes, G., Burton, N., Jeffery, L., Read, A., Taylor, L., & Ewing, L. (2018). Facial expression coding in children and adolescents with autism: Reduced adaptability but intact norm‐based coding. British Journal of Psychology, 109, 204-218.
Rhodes, G., Ewing, L., Jeffery, L., Avard, E., & Taylor, L. (2014). Reduced adaptability, but no fundamental disruption, of norm-based face-coding mechanisms in cognitively able children and adolescents with autism. Neuropsychologia, 62, 262-268.
Rhodes, G., Jaquet, E., Jeffery, L., Evangelista, E., Keane, J., & Calder, A. J. (2011). Sex-specific norms code face identity. Journal of Vision, 11, 1-11.
Rhodes, G., & Jeffery, L. (2006). Adaptive norm-based coding of facial identity. Vision Research, 46, 2977-2987.
Rhodes, G., Jeffery, L., Watson, T. L., Clifford, C. W., & Nakayama, K. (2003). Fitting the mind to the world: Face adaptation and attractiveness aftereffects. Psychological Science, 14, 558-566.
Rhodes, G., & Leopold, D. A. (2011). Adaptive norm-based coding of face identity. In C. Andy, R. Gillian, J. Mark, & H. Jim (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of face perception (pp. 263-286). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rhodes, G., Neumann, M. F., Ewing, L., & Palermo, R. (2015). Reduced set averaging of face identity in children and adolescents with autism. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68, 1391-1403.
Rhodes, G., Pond, S., Burton, N., Kloth, N., Jeffery, L., Bell, J., ..., & Palermo, R. (2015). How distinct is the coding of face identity and expression? Evidence for some common dimensions in face space. Cognition, 142, 123-137.
Rhodes, G., Watson, T. L., Jeffery, L., & Clifford, C. W. (2010). Perceptual adaptation helps us identify faces. Vision Research, 50, 963-968.
Rump, K. M., Giovannelli, J. L., Minshew, N. J., & Strauss, M. S. (2009). The development of emotion recognition in individuals with autism. Child Development, 80, 1434-1447.
Sangrigoli, S., & De Schonen, S. (2004). Effect of visual experience on face processing: A developmental study of inversion and non‐native effects. Developmental Science, 7, 74-87.
Sekuler, R., Watamaniuk, S. N., & Blake, R. (2002). Motion perception. Wiley Online Library.
Schneider, W., Eschmann, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime v1. 1. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools Inc.
Schultz, R. T. (2005). Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: The role of the amygdala and fusiform face area. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23, 125-141.
Short, L. A., Hatry, A. J., & Mondloch, C. J. (2011). The development of norm-based coding and race-specific face prototypes: An examination of 5-and 8-year-olds’ face space. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108, 338-357.
Skinner, A. L., & Benton, C. P. (2010). Anti-expression aftereffects reveal prototype-referenced coding of facial expressions. Psychological Science, 21, 1248-1253.
Tottenham, N., Tanaka, J. W., Leon, A. C., McCarry, T., Nurse, M., Hare, T. A., ..., & Nelson, C. (2009). The NimStim set of facial expressions: Judgments from untrained research participants. Psychiatry Research, 168, 242-249.
Uljarevic, M., & Hamilton, A. (2013). Recognition of emotions in autism: A formal meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 1517-1526.
Wallace, G. L., Case, L. K., Harms, M. B., Silvers, J. A., Kenworthy, L., & Martin, A. (2011). Diminished sensitivity to sad facial expressions in high functioning autism spectrum disorders is associated with symptomatology and adaptive functioning. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 1475-1486.
Wallace, S., Coleman, M., & Bailey, A. (2008). An investigation of basic facial expression recognition in autism spectrum disorders. Cognition and Emotion, 22, 1353-1380.
Webster, M. A., & MacLeod, D. I. (2011). Visual adaptation and face perception. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1571), 1702-1725.
Webster, M. A., & Maclin, O. H. (1999). Figural aftereffects in the perception of faces. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6, 647-653.
Weigelt, S., Koldewyn, K., & Kanwisher, N. (2012). Face identity recognition in autism spectrum disorders: A review of behavioral studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 1060-1084.
Williams, D. L., Goldstein, G., & Minshew, N. J. (2005). Impaired memory for faces and social scenes in autism: Clinical implications of memory dysfunction. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 1-15.
Wilson, C. E., Palermo, R., Burton, A. M., & Brock, J. (2011). Recognition of own-and other-race faces in autism spectrum disorders. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64, 1939-1954.
Zhao, L., & Chubb, C. (2001). The size-tuning of the face-distortion after-effect. Vision Research, 41, 2979-2994.
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수