바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

ACOMS+ 및 학술지 리포지터리 설명회

  • 한국과학기술정보연구원(KISTI) 서울분원 대회의실(별관 3층)
  • 2024년 07월 03일(수) 13:30
사전등록 바로가기
 

logo

ISSN : 1226-9654

논문 상세

이전 다음
논문 투고

Vol.31 No.1

Citation Share

문장 읽기 시 연령에 따른 예측성 효과: 안구운동 추적 연구

Predictability effects Modulated by Age during Sentence Reading: An Eye-tracking Study

한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 / The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, (P)1226-9654; (E)2733-466X
2019, v.31 no.1, pp.17-38
https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2019.31.1.002
이효선 (광주과학기술원)
최원일 (광주과학기술원)
이효선, & 최원일. (2019). 문장 읽기 시 연령에 따른 예측성 효과: 안구운동 추적 연구. 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물, 31(1), 17-38, https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2019.31.1.002

초록

본 연구에서는 연령에 따라 목표 단어에 대한 예측성 효과(predictability effect)가 어떤 양상으로 나타나는지 안구 운동 추적을 통해 알아보았다. 국내에서 예측성 효과를 다룬 문헌이 미비하여 먼저 실험 1에서 청년만을 대상으로 예측성 효과를 조사하였다. 총 60개의 목표 단어를 선정하였고, 각 목표 단어에 대해 예측성 변인의 두 수준(예측/비예측)이 있었다. 실험 참여자들이 한국어 문장을 읽는 동안 그들의 안구 운동을 실시간으로 기록하였고, 그 결과 초기 단어 재인에 관련된 안구운동 측정치와 총 읽기시간에 대해 유의한 예측성 효과가 나타났다. 실험 1을 바탕으로 한국어 문장을 읽을 때도 예측성 효과가 나타남을 확인하였다. 이에 실험 2에서는 실험 1과 동일한 자극을 사용하여 노인 집단과 청년 집단의 예측성 효과를 비교하였다. 나이에 대한 주효과는 거의 모든 측정치에서 유의미했고, 주시시간과 총 읽기시간에 대한 예측성 효과가 유의미했다. 특히 나이 변인(청년/노인)과 예측성 변인(예측/비예측) 간 상호작용이 건너뛰기율과 의미 통합에 관련된 안구운동 측정치에 대해서 상당히 유의미했다. 이러한 결과는 나이와 무관하게 단어에 대한 예측도가 읽기 과정에 상당한 영향을 미친다는 점을 보여주며, 더 나아가 청년과 노인의 글 읽기가 질적으로 다를 수 있음을 시사한다.

keywords
predictability, older adults, age effect, literacy, eye movement, 예측성, 노인, 나이 효과, 문해력, 안구운동

Abstract

This study investigated how a predictability effect could be modulated by age during Korean reading. In Experiment 1, the predictability effect was examined for young adults only. Sixty target words were selected, and there existed two levels (predictable/unpredictable) of the predictability variable. We monitored readers’ eye movements during reading. As a result, there was a significant effect of the word predictability on early reading measures and total time. Based on the results of the Experiment 1, it was confirmed that the predictability effect was also observed when reading Korean sentences. We used same sentences in Experiment 2 to compare the predictability effect of younger and older adults. The main effects of age were significant in almost all eye-movement measures, and predictability effects were statistically significant in gaze duration and total time. Notably, the interaction between age variable (young/old) and predictability variable (predictable/unpredictable) was significant in skipping rates and late reading measures. These results suggest that the word predictability be a crucial factor during reading regardless of age, and that younger and older adults’ reading might be qualitatively different.

keywords
predictability, older adults, age effect, literacy, eye movement, 예측성, 노인, 나이 효과, 문해력, 안구운동

참고문헌

1.

Ball, K. K., Beard, B. L., Roenker, D. L., Miller, R. L., & Griggs, D. S. (1988). Age and visual search: Expanding the useful field of view. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 5, 2210-2219.

2.

Balota, D. A., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (1985). The interaction of contextual constraints and parafoveal visual information in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 17, 364-390.

3.

Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing:Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68, 255-278.

4.

Bates, D., Maechler, M., & Bolker, B. (2012). lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes (R package version 0.999999-0). Available from https://cran.r-project.org/

5.

Brysbaert, M., & Vitu, F. (1998). Word skipping: Implications for theories of eye movement control in reading. In: G. Underwood (ed.) Eye guidance in reading and scene perception (pp. 125-147). Oxford: Elsevier.

6.

Chasteen, A. L., Bhattacharyya, S., Horhota, M., Tam, R., & Hasher, L. (2005). How feelings of stereotype threat influence older adults' memory performance. Experimental Aging Research, 31, 235-260.

7.

Choi, S., & Koh, S., (2012). The Effects of Real World Knowledge and Case-markers on Semantic Relation Processing during Korean Sentence Reading: An Eye-tracking Study. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 24, 89-105.

8.

Choi, W., Lowder, M. W., Ferreira, F., Swaab, T. Y., & Henderson, J. M. (2017). Effects of word predictability and preview lexicality on eye movements during reading: A comparison between young and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 32, 232-242.

9.

Clifton Jr, C., Ferreira, F., Henderson, J. M., Inhoff, A. W., Liversedge, S. P., Reichle, E. D., & Schotter, E. R. (2016). Eye movements in reading and information processing:Keith Rayner’s 40 year legacy. Journal of Memory and Language, 86, 1-19.

10.

Cohen, G., & Faulkner, D. (1983). Word recognition: Age differences in contextual facilitation effects. British Journal of Psychology, 74, 239-251.

11.

Drieghe, D., Brysbaert, M., Desmet, T., & De Baecke, C. (2004). Word skipping in reading: On the interplay of linguistic and visual factors. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 16(1-2), 79-103.

12.

Drieghe, D., Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (2005). Eye Movements and Word Skipping During Reading Revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31, 954-969.

13.

Ehrlich, S. F., & Rayner, K. (1981). Contextual effects on word perception and eye movements during reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 641-655.

14.

Engbert, R., Nuthmann, A., Richter, E. M., & Kliegl, R. (2005). SWIFT: a dynamical model of saccade generation during reading. Psychological Review, 112, 777-813.

15.

Frisson, S., Harvey, D. R., & Staub, A. (2017). No prediction error cost in reading: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Memory and Language, 95, 200-214.

16.

Hess, T. M., Auman, C., Colcombe, S. J., & Rahhal, T. A. (2003). The impact of stereotype threat on age differences in memory performance. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58, 3-11.

17.

Kliegl, R., Grabner, E., Rolfs, M., & Engbert, R. (2004). Length, frequency, and predictability effects of words on eye movements in reading. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 16(1-2), 262-284.

18.

Koh, S., Yoon, N. Y. (2007). The characteristics of eye-movement in Korean sentence reading: cluster length, word frequency, and landing position effects. Korean Journal of Cognitive Science, 18, 325-350.

19.

Koh, S., Hong, H., Yoon, S., Cho, P. (2008). The frequency effect in Korean noun eojeols: An eye-tracking study. The Korean Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20, 21-32.

20.

Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2014). lmerTest: Tests for random and fixed effects for linear mixed effect models. R package version 2.0-11. URL http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lmerTest.

21.

Lee, Y., Lee, H., & Gordon, P. C. (2007). Linguistic complexity and information structure in Korean: Evidence from eye-tracking during reading. Cognition, 104, 495-534.

22.

Madden, D. J. (1988). Adult age differences in the effects of sentence context and stimulus degradation during visual word recognition. Psychology and Aging, 3, 167-172.

23.

Mazerolle, M., Régner, I., Morisset, P., Rigalleau, F., & Huguet, P. (2012). Stereotype threat strengthens automatic recall and undermines controlled processes in older adults. Psychological Science, 23, 723-727.

24.

Meisner, B. A. (2011). A meta-analysis of positive and negative age stereotype priming effects on behavior among older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67, 13-17.

25.

Meyer, B. J. F., & Rice, G. E. (1989). Prose processing in adulthood: The text, the reader, and the task. In L. W. Poon, D. C. Rubin, & B. A. Wilson (Eds.), Everyday Cognition in Adulthood and Late Life, (pp. 157-194). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

26.

Payne, B. R., Gao, X., Noh, S. R., Anderson, C. J., & Stine-Morrow, E. A. L. (2012). The effects of print exposure on sentence processing and memory in older adults: Evidence for efficiency and reserve. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 19, 122-149.

27.

Payne, B. R., Grison, S., Gao, X., Christianson, K., Morrow, D. G., & Stine-Morrow, E. A. L. (2014). Aging and individual differences in binding during sentence understanding:Evidence from temporary and global syntactic attachment ambiguities. Cognition, 130, 157-173.

28.

R Development Core Team. (2011). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from http://www.r-project.org/

29.

Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 372-422.

30.

Rayner, K. (2009). Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62, 1457-1506.

31.

Rayner, K., Castelhano, M. S., & Yang, J. (2009). Eye movements and the perceptual span in older and younger readers. Psychology and Aging, 24, 755-760.

32.

Rayner, K., & McConkie, G. W. (1976). What guides a reader's eye movements?. Vision Research, 16, 829-837.

33.

Rayner, K., Reichle, E. D., Stroud, M. J., Williams, C. C., & Pollatsek, A. (2006). The effect of word frequency, word predictability, and font difficulty on the eye movements of young and older readers. Psychology and Aging, 21, 448-465.

34.

Rayner, K., Sereno, S. C., and Raney, G. E. (1996). Eye movement control in reading: A comparison of two types of models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 1188-1200.

35.

Rayner, K., & Well, A. D. (1996). Effects of contextual constraint on eye movements in reading: A further examination. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3, 504-509.

36.

Reichle, E. D., Pollatsek, A., Fisher, D. L., & Rayner, K. (1998). Toward a model of eye movement control in reading. Psychological Review, 105, 125-157.

37.

Reichle, E. D., Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (2003). The EZ Reader model of eye-movement control in reading:Comparisons to other models. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26, 445-476.

38.

Sekuler, B., Bennett, J., Mamelak, M., (2000). Effects of aging on the useful field of view. Experimental Aging Research, 26, 103-120.

39.

Speranza, F., Daneman, M., & Schneider, B. A. (2000). How aging affects the reading of words in noisy backgrounds. Psychology and Aging, 15, 253-258.

40.

Staub, A. (2011). The effect of lexical predictability on distributions of eye fixation durations. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 18, 371-376.

41.

Staub, A. (2015). The effect of lexical predictability on eye movements in reading: Critical review and theoretical interpretation. Language and Linguistics Compass, 9, 311-327.

42.

Steen-Baker, A. A., Ng, S., Payne, B. R., Anderson, C. J., Federmeier, K. D., & Stine-Morrow, E. A. (2017). The effects of context on processing words during sentence reading among adults varying in age and literacy skill. Psychology and Aging, 32, 460-472.

43.

Stine-Morrow, E. A., Miller, L. M. S., & Nevin, J. A. (1999). The effects of context and feedback on age differences in spoken word recognition. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54, 125-134.

44.

Stine-Morrow, E. A., Noh, S. R., & Shake, M. C. (2010). Age differences in the effects of conceptual integration training on resource allocation in sentence processing. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 1430-1455.

45.

Stine-Morrow, E. A., Soederberg Miller, L. M., Gagne, D. D., & Hertzog, C. (2008). Self-regulated reading in adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 23, 131-153.

46.

Taylor, W. L. (1953). “Cloze procedure”: A new tool for measuring readability. Journalism Bulletin, 30, 415-433.

47.

White, S. J., Rayner, K., & Liversedge, S. P. (2005). Eye movements and the modulation of parafoveal processing by foveal processing difficulty: A reexamination. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 12, 891-896.

48.

Yun, H., Lee, D., & Hong, U. (2017). The effects of word predictability and contextual uncertainty in the processing of Korean dative sentences: An eye-movement reading comprehension study. Journal of Cognitive Science, 18, 127-152.

49.

Yun, H., Lee, D., Nam, Y., & Hong, U. (2017). The predictability effect on eye movement in reading Korean dative sentences. Language and Information, 21, 73-99.

한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물

논문 투고 OA 정책