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Vol.34 No.4
Abstract
This study examines whether presenting information about an upcoming trial helps task performance even when the information is simultaneously presented with the previous stimulus. In the experiment, a digit between 1 and 9 were shown with the colored frame and participants performed the magnitude and parity tasks based on the frame color. Information for the subsequent trial appeared in the upper right corner. There were four types of cues (control, task+stimulus, task, stimulus cue). Participants showed faster reaction times in the task+stimulus and task cue conditions than in the stimulus and control conditions. The task+stimulus cue facilitates both of repeat and switching trials, whereas the task cue only helps switching trials. The results indicate that predictive information presented with the stimuli relevant to the current trial can facilitate performance of the upcoming trial and the type of provided information also has effect on the task performance.
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of phonological and orthographic information during Korean visual word recognition by conducting a meta-analysis on previously published research results as well as a priming lexical decision task. First, we selected nine research articles (15 experiments) from the literature that reported effects of phonological and orthographic information of primes on target word recognition to calculate estimated effect sizes. Results showed a facilitative priming orthographically similar primes compared to unrelated control primes but a nonsignificant phonologically similar/identical primes. The priming study results also indicated that target words were responded to more rapidly when they were primed by orthographically similar nonwords than when they were primed by unrelated control nonwords, whereas there was no additional phonologically identical nonword primes. These results together support the view that orthographic information, but not phonological information, plays a primary role in Korean visual word recognition.
Abstract
This study was conducted to confirm the factors that influence Social Binding Perception. This phenomenon was shown through comparative visual search tasks that included stimuli with two faces that were facing and not facing each other. Experiment 1 is based on Vestner et al. (2020), as a control for later experiments. Experiment 2 uses stimuli with covered facial attributes through face masks and sunglasses. In experiment 3, stimuli included a screen between faces to block vision between the facial stimuli. Experiment 1 confirms that visual search is faster in searching for facing than non-facing stimuli. Experiment 2 confirmed the effect of facial coverings, decreasing reaction time in subjects. Experiment 3 was conducted to determine whether social binding is dependent on the visual presence of eyes, or whether visual exchange of gaze between faces is needed. Experiment 3 included conditions with a screen blocking either the eyes or mouths between the faces. The results showed that even though participants could see the eyes of the stimuli, reaction time slowed when the screen blocked the gaze. However, the reaction time was faster than when the eyes were covered with sunglasses in experiment 2. This study shows that the presence of eyes and exchange of gaze between faces independently affect social binding perception.
Abstract
Empathy for others’ pain may arise spontaneously, but it needs to be modulated by top-down factors to produce desirable outcomes. To understand such controlled processes of pain empathy, we analyzed the effects of cognitive load on identifying others’ pain. In a pain identification task, participants viewed successive prime and target images depicting another person’s hand or foot in painful or nonpainful situations and judged the target experience as painful or nonpainful while ignoring the prime images. Participants performed pain identification with or without a concurrent color memory task. To dissociate the processes involved in pain empathy, we fitted a three-parameters multinomial processing tree model to the pain identification responses, as suggested by Cameron and colleagues (2017). The results showed that the estimate of Intentional Empathy, a parameter for controlled processes, decreased with working memory loads. In contrast, the estimates of Unintentional Empathy, a parameter for automatic processes, and Response Bias did not change. Furthermore, Intentional Empathy was positively correlated with the working memory capacity of individual participants. This study demonstrated capacity-limited aspects of pain empathy and suggests that working memory capacity could be a critical factor in better understanding individual differences in pain empathy.
Abstract
This study investigated whether viewpoint-dependent processing shown in a single face is also observed in a pair of faces. We measured an amount of the shape aftereffect using an adaptation paradigm. In Experiment 1, a pair of faces was used not only as an adaptation stimulus but also as a testing stimulus to find out whether the shape aftereffect was observed according to the relative direction of the pair of faces. As a result, when adapted with a stimulus that converges by 30°, the shape aftereffect was observed only in the direction of convergence, and when adapted with the stimulus diverged by 30°, the shape aftereffect was observed only in the direction of divergence. Experiment 2 was to find out what aftereffect patterns were observed when applying a pair of faces as adaptation stimulus and a single face as testing stimulus. As a result, there was no significant aftereffect. The results of Experiment 1 and 2 propose that the observer processes a pair of faces as a single unit, not as individual left-facing and right-facing faces, implying the existence of neurological pathways for directional processing of social dyad stimuli, where the human visual system consists of three separate dimensions; convergence and divergence.