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Vol.36 No.1
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated how a simple motoric response towards an object (the prime) can prioritize the allocation of attention to that same object in a subsequent unrelated visual search task (Buttaccio & Hahn, 2011; Weidler & Abrams, 2014). This phenomenon, known as the “action effect”, results in faster reaction times (RT) only when the target is located within the object that was acted upon. To explore the attentional selection mechanism involved in the action effect, we examined how attention is allocated at the precise moment of action. Participants were instructed to respond (go) when the prime (a colored shape) appeared and withhold a response when “X” was displayed on the prime. Subsequently, participants were asked to search for a tilted line and report its orientation in the following visual search task. In valid trials, the target appeared on an object that shared a feature with the prime (either in terms of both-, color-, or shape-sharing), while in invalid trials, the target appeared on an object that did not share any features with the prime. The results revealed that visual features of the prime object guided visual attention to the location of the object that shared at least one feature with the prime. Therefore, the allocation of attention to specific features of the prime during the action task plays a critical role in inducing an attentional boost in the subsequent attentional selection process and it is suggested that this selection process occurs in a feature-based manner.
Abstract
The field of empirical aesthetics has emerged for years based on experimental psychological methods to explore aesthetic preferences. This review seeks for a better understanding of the directions in which empirical aesthetics research has evolved, focusing on artwork, beholder, and their interaction. Initially, the prevailing perspective was that aesthetic preferences would be determined by universal aesthetic principles inherent in artworks. However, some studies argued that aesthetic preferences are subjective and individualistic. Subsequent research proposed a more advanced viewpoint, suggesting that aesthetic preferences are formed through interactions between the factors of artworks and beholders. Nevertheless, the interaction between these two factors has mostly been addressed in late cognitive processes of aesthetic appreciation, neglecting aspects of interaction in early perceptual processes. Building upon this, the review aims to pinpoint the weakness of current experimental research and aesthetic appreciation models in empirical aesthetics, and to propose new directions for future research in the field of study.
Abstract
Researchers supporting the theory of constructed emotion have focused on the role of emotion labels in the construction of emotional meaning from facial muscle movements. The label-feedback hypothesis proposed by Lupyan provided a theoretical basis for explaining the top-down influence of emotion labels. This study aimed to investigate the presence of the emotion label advantage effect in facial emotion judgment by adapting the procedure used by Lupyan and Thompson-Schill (2012) in object recognition. Participants performed a task to judge whether the emotions of the auditory cues and the subsequently presented facial expressions matched, with the auditory cues manipulated to be emotion labels, emotional vocalizations, or emotional action labels. To verify whether the label advantage effect persists across different inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) between the cue and target, following the design of Lupyan & Thompson-Schill (2012), ISIs were set at 400ms, 1000ms, and 1500ms as a between-subject variable. The responses were analyzed using signal detection theory. The results showed that emotion labels yielded the highest sensitivity in emotion judgments compared to the other two types of cues. Moreover, this label advantage effect was observed regardless of the time given for cue processing, namely, ISIs. These findings suggest that emotion labels, compared to nonverbal cues like emotional vocalizations or other verbal cues like emotional action labels, effectively activate the conceptual representations required for categorization, thereby facilitating more accurate emotion category judgments in facial expressions. The results of this study can be interpreted as experimental evidence supporting the theory of constructed emotion asserting the unique role of emotion labels in emotion perception based on the label-feedback hypothesis.
Abstract
This study investigated differences in emotional processing between a group with high psychopathic traits and a control group. 15 subjects in the psychopathic trait group and 15 subjects in the control group performed pain judgment tasks applying affective perspective-taking (Self vs. Other). P300(P3) of the participants was measured during the tasks to assess emotional processing in response to visual stimuli depicting painful or non-painful situations. When adopting the other-perspective, the psychopathic trait group exhibited a lower P3 amplitude than the control group. While taking the self-perspective, no P3 difference between the groups was observed. These results demonstrate that, in terms of their own distress, the psychopathic trait group may show levels of attention and emotional processing comparable to the control group. However, concerning others’ pain, the psychopathic trait group appears to face difficulties in attention and emotional processing.
Abstract
Negative repetition effect (i.e. NRE) has been reported in briefly exposed displays, meaning that adjacent distractor identical to the target decreases the accuracy of target identification. Park (2014) observed that the distractor close to the target showed positive repetition effect when the target appeared at the low-probability location, but not when at the high-probability location, and argued that attentional shifting was responsible for this result. This study aims to check his argument by arranging one attention window at the leftmost and the other at the rightmost position and distractors in between. In Experiment 1, where the probability of target presentation was the same in the two outer position, distractors produced NRE or null effect depending on the arrangement. This result was interpreted as related to the attentional shifting in left-to-right direction. In Experiment 2, the probability of target presentation was varied as high or low in the outer positions, and distractors produced NRE for the target at highly probable positions, but null effect for the target at slightly probable positions. This result was interpreted as that attentional shifting was engaged in producing NRE, and could be explained using zoom lens model of spatial attention.