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- KCI
ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.24 No.1
Abstract
We investigated the effect of induced mood during a global/local processing task. Participants were asked to listen to a piece of music, and imagined themselves in situations described by guided imagery vignettes. In Experiment 1, we examined the mood rating scale after each of the five mood inductions(happy, serenity, fear, anger, sad). Results of Experiment 1 confirmed that the mood induction procedures (MIPs) was successful. In Experiment 2, we examined the influence of emotional valence and arousal following MIPs on global/local processing task. To manipulate valence(positive versus negative) and arousal(low versus high) of mood, we used happy, serenity, anger, sad MIPs. Following MIPs, we presented hierarchical stimuli with a global letter composed of a smaller, local letter. The sparsity of each stimulus was varied by having each global aspect comprise either many or few local ones. The results of Experiment 2 showed that global and local processing dominance depends on mood and sparsity. High sparsity stimuli elicited global dominance on all mood conditions, but low sparsity stimuli elicited local dominance only on high arousal negative mood(anger) condition. These results suggest that the global/local dominance is influenced by emotional valence and arousal.
Abstract
Maintenance and manipulation of representations in working memory (WM) is the foundation for all cognitive processing. This paper will review neuroimaging studies focusing on the maintenance process of WM. In the first section, brain regions that increase activity during maintenance in WM are examined separately for each domain of information. Next, the controversy on the principle of functional organization of the prefrontal cortex, namely the hypotheses of domain-specificity vs. process-specificity. In the second section, the cognitive nature of the sustained prefrontal activity associated with WM will be examined. The differential functions of the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex will be discussed in relation to mnemonic and extra-mnemonic processes. In the third section, the overlap between the mechanism of long-term and WM will be reviewed along with the introduction of the component process approach to cognitive neuroscience.
Abstract
This study investigated the differential effects of individualism-collectivism dimension (IC) and horizontal- vertical dimension (HV) in cultural orientation of individuals in the same cultural background on global precedence. The participants were classified into IC and HVD groups, and asked to respond to compound stimuli which were varied by stimuli types (figure/letter) and stimulus-stimulus (S-S) congruence. Differences in global precedence were compared. The results showed the followings. First, although global precedence was larger in the compound figure than in the compound letter, and larger in the S-S incongruent condition than the congruent condition, none of cultural orientation dimensions made any difference. Second, IC and HV affected global precedence independently. Third, a significant interaction effect between HV and S-S congruence was found, but there was no interaction between IC and S-S congruence. These results indicated HVD rather than IC can be a more valid dimension to compare the effect of individual differences in cultural orientation on global precedence.
Abstract
In modern and hectic society, we constantly encounter stressful events in daily life. Although stress response serves a fundamental, protective role in our lives, uncontrollable stress has been shown to cause behavioral and cognitive impairments that can contribute to various psychiatric conditions such as anxiety disorders. In particular, considerable evidence indicates that uncontrollable stress has detrimental effects on the hippocampus, a medial temporal lobe structure crucial for memory. This review will highlight a systems-level model of stress based on three psychological constructs (excitability, aversiveness, and uncontrollability) and underlying biological substrates (stress hormones, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex), and how it may provide a conceptual scaffold to structure and further our understanding of stress effects on the hippocampus, namely by focusing on spatial memory and place cells.