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Vol.26 No.3
Abstract
Individuals with color-graphemic synesthesia experience idiosyncratic colors while viewing achromatic letters or digits. Despite the large individual difference in grapheme-color associations, several studies have tried to examine the determinants of grapheme-color synesthesia. For example, Beeli et al. (2007) found that the more a letter is frequently used in German, the more saturated was the synesthetic color induced by it, and Hermann et al. (2012) found the correlation between grapheme frequency and the wavelength of synesthetic color. In the present study, we investigated whether grapheme occurrence frequency is associated with hue, saturation, luminance (HSL) and dominant wavelength of induced synesthetic color. We also investigated whether the potential correlation between grapheme frequency and synesthetic color differs between the first and the second languages. Seven Korean multilingual synesthetes participated in a color-matching test where they picked their “colors” from the color palette on the color-calibrated monitor while viewing Korean consonants and Latin alphabets. The matched RGB values of those graphemes were converted into CIE xy coordinates on the CIE xyY color space. HSL value and dominant wavelength were extracted from the CIE xy coordinates. Two kinds of grapheme frequency - written and spoken - were considered. The results showed that graphemes used more frequently within written and spoken language tended to induce synesthetic colors with longer wavelength both for Korean consonants and for Latin alphabets. However, correlation between grapheme frequency and dominant wavelength was stronger for Korean consonants than for Latin alphabets. In terms of HSL, saturation and luminance showed positive correlation with frequency in Korean consonants. No significant correlations were found in Latin alphabets. Difference between Korean consonants and Latin alphabets in terms of saturation was found within written and spoken frequency and difference in terms of luminance was shown within spoken frequency. These results imply that grapheme frequency can shape synesthetic color perception and its’ influence can differ between the first and the second languages. The results from this study, therefore, suggest the possibility that synesthetic color experience is not only related to perception but broader ranges of cognitive processes including language, learning, and memory.
Abstract
This research tested the basis of spatial attention deployment. Spatial coordinate based on relative retinal position is called retinotopic coordinate and that based on objective spatial location of outer world is called spatiotopic coordinate. Golomb, Chun, & Mazer (2008) compared the use of these two coordinates in spatial attention allocation and concluded that retinotopic coordinate is the basis of spatial attention allocation in early visual information processing and spatiotopic coordinate is used only after retinotopic coordinate is updated. However, because their experiments used only dots and lines as stimuli in the absence of contextual information (e.g., background), retinotopic coordinate was the only representation readily accessible for spatial attention allocation. In this research, we hypothesized that background providing spatiotopic information will facilitate attention allocation based on the spatiotopic representation. To test this hypothesis, we replicated previous results using the stimuli in Golomb et al. (Expt. 1), and then provided background to test whether background is used as spatiotopic reference frame in spatial attention allocation (Expt. 2). The results of Experiments 1 and 2 are compared to examine spatial attention allocation in retinotopic vs. spatiotopic coordinates depending on presence or absence of background. Contrary to previous findings, in Expt. 2, retinotopic facilitation of attention allocation disappeared, indicating that previous experimental setting was favorable for the use of retinotopic spatial representation and that background can be used as spatiotopic reference frame for spatial attention deployment.
Abstract
Neural efficiency is a characteristic of the brain tending to process given information with a minimum amount of the neural resources. It has been difficult to integrate the results from the various studies related to neural efficiency since observed patterns of the neural efficiency were different between the studies. These previous studies tried to explain these different patterns based on the variables such as intelligence, gender, age, cognitive style, and so on. The present study reviews the related studies, focusing on the cognitive style and the task-related features. Some of the studies reported that brain regions, showing the neural efficiency, varied depending on the stimulus modalities included in the tasks. Furthermore, the brain regions which were directly engaged in the task-related processes and the other regions showed different activation patterns depending on the task difficulty. We propose the possibility that the individual differences in the patterns of neural efficiency could be explained not only by intelligence, sex, or age, but also by individuals’ preferences on the cognitive styles. In conclusion, this review suggests that it is important to consider the stimulus modalities and task difficulty in order to draw consistent results in a relevant studies, and that the individual differences in the neural efficiency could be explained in terms of cognitive style.
Abstract
Negative repetition effects (NREs) have been reported that the accuracy of target identification is lowered when a target is flanked by the same distractor than when by alternative distractor in briefly exposed displays. Park (2013) used attention windows to indicate the positions of probable targets, and observed positive repetition effects (PREs) with distractors close to the target and NREs with distant distractors. This study investigated whether the above results could be replicated when allocation of attention is varied among attention windows. In Experiment 1, when the probability of target presentation is the same between the two centered attention windows, repetition of the same distractor to the target had no effect in identifying the target. However, when allocation of attention is biased toward one of the two attention windows in Experiment 2, in regard to the target presented in the less probable position, the distractor close to the target produced PRE and the distant distractor produced NRE. This result is hard to be explained by various existing hypotheses, and indicates that it is necessary to consider seriously the issue of attention shift between the target and distractors.