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ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.30 No.1
Abstract
Memory is labile immediately upon acquisition and becomes stable over time, and this process is called memory consolidation. If retrieved, previously-consolidated memory becomes labile again and re-consolidates. Thus, memory can be altered by intervening in either the consolidation or reconsolidation process. Propranolol is one promising drug that can block memory consolidation and reconsolidation. The present article reviewed basic research on memory consolidation and reconsolidation, and clinical trials of propranolol for the prevention and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical studies are currently mixed with positive and negative results, and future research is warranted on boundary conditions in which memory reconsolidation occurs. Finally, ethical issues of using memory-altering drugs are discussed.
Abstract
Anxious individuals are known to process socially-relevant stimuli in an aberrant way, in both higher cognitive level and low level perceptual processing. While the majority of previous studies have investigated the influence of anxiety on processing of nonverbal social cues using face stimuli, we employed point-light biological motion (BM) as main stimulus, noting that processing of bodily movements is also important. Through two different tasks, detection from noise and emotion recognition, the current study examined whether the level of trait anxiety has an influence on BM detection, whether emotional valence (anger, happiness, and neutral) of the stimuli could modulate the anxiety effect, and whether accuracy pattern for explicit emotion recognition from BM is consistent with the influence of implicit emotion processing in the detection task. The results showed that the detection performances of high-anxiety group were poorer than those of low-anxiety group when the stimuli were emotionally neutral. In contrast, the performances of the two groups were comparable for emotional stimuli in both detection and emotion recognition tasks. The results imply that high level of trait anxiety is associated with decreased ability to process BM, which can be compensated if the stimuli convey emotional information.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the morphological characteristics on Korean spoken word recognition. To do so, Experiment 1 examined whether compound words are sub-divided into morphemes. In this experiment, word types (simple words, compound words) and word frequencies (high, low) were manipulated. Participants performed an auditory lexical decision task. As results, regardless of word frequency, simple words were recognized better than compound words. The results indicate that compound words were separated into morphemes irrespective of word frequency. Experiment 2 further examined the effect of morphological decomposition by adapting syllable frequency effects. In Korean 2 syllable compound words, the first syllable contains a certain morpheme while it is only a part of a morpheme in simple words. Therefore, unlike in simple words, the morphological characteristics of the first syllable of the compound words may have some influences on the syllable frequency effect. Experiment 2 showed larger the syllable frequency effect for simple words compared with compound words, which suggested that facilitation effect of morpheme offsets the inhibitory effect of syllable frequency. Overall, the current experiments clearly suggested that morphological decomposition does occur during spoken word recognition of the Korean compound word.
Abstract
There has been growing interest in ordinal representations and their contributions to mathematical cognition. The present study measured distance effects based on magnitude/order comparison (MC/OC, respectively) tasks using symbolic numbers and non-symbolic lines as stimuli. We examined whether distance or reverse distance effects from these tasks are correlated with one another as well as with math achievement. A reverse distance effect (i.e., better performance when the distance between stimuli is smaller) was observed from the Number OC task, while canonical distance effects were observed from the Length OC and MC tasks. There were correlations between distance effects from Number OC and MC tasks, between Length OC and MC tasks and between Number OC and Length MC tasks. Among all, only the reverse distance effect from the Number OC task predicted math achievement scores in a linear regression model. These results suggest that cardinal and ordinal representations may depend on partially shared mechanisms, yet they may independently contribute to math achievement during distinct phases of development.
Abstract
The Spatial-Numerical Association Response Codes (SNARC) effect refers to the phenomenon in which smaller vs. larger numbers are responded to more efficiently in the left vs. right side of space, respectively. The SNARC effect is studied as an important phenomenon that reflects the nature of numerical representations. The present study examined whether the SNARC effect is observed during color judgement of numbers in order to verify whether number magnitude is automatically processed. In addition, two blocks of experiments were administered using a different range of numbers (2-9 for block 1 and 1-50 for block 2) in order to verify whether the pattern of the SNARC effect depends on the number range within an experimental block. As a result, the left hand responded faster to numbers 6-9 in block 1, but the right hand responded faster to the same numbers in block 2. This result confirms that the SNARC effect occurs automatically in a context-dependent pattern even during color judgment which does not require processing of number magnitude. The present study implies that the relative magnitude of a number is processed automatically with reference to the current experimental context.